Irony and Social Commentary in Pride and Prejudice Essay

Irony and social commentary in â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† Like any other society, nineteenth-century England had its share of foppish fools and fawning leeches, hot-blooded lovers and garrulous, gossiping women. While few people exhibit these failings with abandonment, few escape their taint altogether. In the novel â€Å"Pride and Prejudice,† the author Jane Austen satirizes these instances of – not social evils– rather, unpleasant social peculiarities, via a most careful use of irony in the dialogues and thoughts of some of her most delightful characters. The main character indulging in this precious commodity is Mr. Bennet, whom Austen considers important enough that a razor-sharp wit forms a necessary part of his personality. The irony†¦show more content†¦Bingley’s dancing partners: â€Å"If he had had any compassion for me [...] he would not have danced half so much! [...] Oh! That he had sprained his ancle in the first dance!† (8). It is 2 Joshi clear that this line does not show malice on his part against Bingley. Rather, it is an instance of irony which pints out and criticizes the extreme talkativeness of his wife. On another occasion, when Mr. Bennet is accused by his wife for not having any compassion on her nerves, he conjures up a most delightful repartee: â€Å"You mistake me, my dear. I have a high respect for your nerves. They are my old friends. I have heard you mention them with consideration these twenty years at least† (2). This piece of sarcasm informs the reader of Mrs. Bennet’s loquaciousness and her husband’s impatience with it. Mr. Bennet appears to have the same opinion of two of his daughters: Lydia and Catherine, whose â€Å"effusions† about the officers stationed in nearby Meryton leads him to observe disdainfully, â€Å"From all that I can collect by your manner of talking, you must be two of the silliest girls in the country†. When rebuked by his wife for saying this, his retort is priceless: â€Å"If my children are silly I must hope to be always sensible of it† (19). The antithesis constructed by juxtaposing â€Å"silly† and â€Å"sensible† creates a delicious effect of irony that adds weight to his earlier criticism of his daughters’ folly. Austen thereby criticizes the garrulousness rampantShow MoreRelatedJane Austen’s Novel Pride and Prejudice Essay874 Words   |  4 Pagesmarriage for the English novelist, Jane Austen. Her realism, biting irony and social commentary have gained her historical importance among scholars and critics (Southam). Austen’s major novels, including Pride and Prejudice, were composed between the years 1795-1815. During those twenty years England was at the height of its power facing many historical landmarks (Thomson). It is no coincidence that Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, coincides directly with the historical events of this time periodRead More Austens Manipulation of the Readers Emotions Towards Characters in Pride and Prejudice1403 Words   |  6 PagesAusten s Manipulation of the Readers Emotions Towards Characters in Pride and Prejudice In her novels, Jane Austen employs the timelessly effective characterization agents of dialogue, action, and point of view to cleverly manipulate the reader’s emotions towards the characters. Austen successfully creates heroins in a time that it was not social acceptable to think of women in a heroic role. She is so successful in applying these characterization techniques in her story lines that she Read MorePride and Prejudice1472 Words   |  6 PagesElizabeth#8217;s Pride and Darcy#8217;s Prejudice? Jane Austen#8217;s Pride and Prejudice is a timeless social comedy which is both satirical and full of sentiment. The title refers to the personalities of the two main characters and cues the reader to Austen#8217;s broader thematic purpose: to satirize nineteenth century manners and morals, especially as they relate to courtship and manners. Although both characters contain both these traits, it is mainly Mr. Darcy who exemplifies #8216;pride#8217;Read MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1366 Words   |  6 PagesPride and Prejudice, written by Jane Austen, is a humorous portrayal of the social atmosphere of late eighteenth and early nineteenth century England. The novel is much more than a comedic love story. However, through Austen’s subtle and ironic style, it addresses economic, political, feminist, sociological, philosophical themes, inspiring a great deal of diverse critical commentary on the meaning of the work. The proposal of the Mr. Collins to Elizabeth occurs in Chapter 19 of the novel and is aRead More A Comparison of Charles Dickens and Jane Austen Essay2446 Words   |  10 Pageswould make a lasting impression on the literary world for generations. Hard Times, often referred to as Dickens’ ‘Industrial novel’ and Austen’s Pride and Prejudice have been much read and well-loved classics for many years. It is the purpose of this essay to compare and contrast the different worlds depicted in both Hard Times and Pride and Prejudice. It will also look at the literary development between the early and late nineteenth-century. The essay will end with the examination of the Read MoreThe Different Types of Marriages Presented in Pride and Prejudice1822 Words   |  8 PagesDiscuss the different types of marriages presented in Pride and Prejudice and what this tells you about the different attitudes to marriage in the early nineteenth century. Austen opens this book with a cynical commentary on the Eighteenth Century conception of the value of love - It is a truth universally acknowledged that a gentleman in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife! Throughout the book, there are many insights into different beliefs on why to marry. MarryingRead MoreThe Effects Of Emotional Appeals On The Mind Of Reasoning1728 Words   |  7 Pagesliterature. Her realism, biting irony and social commentary also gained her historical importance among scholars and critics. She was educated primarily by her father and older brothers and also by her own readings that she did. Since her teenage years to her late thirties, she experimented with various literary forms. This book â€Å"Sense and sensibility† was published in 1811 and also achieved success as a published writer. Her novels, including â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† and â€Å"Sense and sensibility† areRead MoreThe Black And White Communities And Their Significance3543 Words   |  15 PagesExplore the ways Lee presents the black and white communities and their significance in the novel ‘To Kill A Mockingbird.’ This novel is set in the Alabama in the 1930’s where segregation and prejudice had kept its stance on the other hand in North of America it had been eradicated. The separation of American states from the civil war was still kept in peoples minds, thus the hatred still existed between the two territories. This bring us to Maycomb , a small county in Alabama that didn’t expandRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Analysis Essay2075 Words   |  9 Pagesdifferent connotative innuendos. Irony is also observed through the use of this opulent diction because it contrasts with the character of Gatsby. Before Gatsby got into business he was a normal middle class man and he will always be that man no matter how many material objects he obtains. The language used in this novel reflects the speakers social class very clearly and the reader can see that most of the characters are part of the higher levels on the social ladder. There are also a few referencesRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETA TION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesï » ¿TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS The purpose of Text Interpretation and Analysis is a literary and linguistic commentary in which the reader explains what the text reveals under close examination. Any literary work is unique. It is created by the author in accordance with his vision and is permeated with his idea of the world. The reader’s interpretation is also highly individual and depends to a great extent on his knowledge and personal experience. That’s why one cannot lay down a fixed â€Å"model†

Essay - 1231 Words

From George Washington to 2017’s Donald Trump, the United States Executive responsibilities have increased drastically. In respect to the powers that the president was to be given in the early America, funnily enough the Framers were just breaking away from a tyrannical monarchy that put one person in power of everything, and to repeat that system with a president was probably the last thing they wanted to do. But now presidents can make executive orders, purpose legislation to congress, and even gain much more control over the nation during a time of crisis or war. This would seem to directly contrast what was to the president’s original role. After reading the section in the textbook and gathering my notes, I will be trying to answer the†¦show more content†¦Alexander Hamilton was quoted in writing that, â€Å"Energy in the executive is a leading character in the definition of good government,† but ironically this same appreciation of energy from a pre sident would also encourage some to take action outside of their constitutionally-determined jurisdiction. It must have seemed like a bit of a contradiction to want the president to take effective and vigorous action without wanting the president to have the power to do so, but by the time of the civil war I think the United States was glad to see an influential leader in Abraham Lincoln. Furthermore, I would like to transition to two other similar questions that were posed in this assignment: â€Å"What are some examples of these powers expanding over time?†, and, â€Å"What is the presidents role in foreign policy?†. I would say the most famous instances of presidents expanding their powers would be during times of war or crisis. From the constitution, Presidents were to serve as our representative to attend international meetings between other nation’s leaders, and the president was also able to appoint our foreign ambassadors as well. Additionally, and specifically in times of war, the president is awarded by the constitution the responsibilities of Commander in Chief. So to the question of how has these responsibilities expanded, and in what context have they done so, I would like to cite the example of PresidentShow MoreRelatedWhat Is an Essay?1440 Words   |  6 PagesBuscemi Essay #3 Rough Draft An essay is a creative written piece in which the author uses different styles such as diction, tone, pathos, ethos or logos to communicate a message to the reader using either a personal experience, filled with morals and parables, or a informative text filled with educational terms. Educational terms could mean the usage of complicated and elevated words or simply information you would get in schools. Some authors, such as Cynthia Ozick, claim that an essay has noRead Morenarrative essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesNarrative Essay A Brief Guide to Writing Narrative Essays Narrative writing tells a story. In essays the narrative writing could also be considered reflection or an exploration of the author s values told as a story. The author may remember his or her past, or a memorable person or event from that past, or even observe the present. When you re writing a narrative essay, loosen up. After all, you re basically just telling a story to someone, something you probably do every day in casual conversationRead MoreApplication Essay : A Process Essay770 Words   |  4 Pagesassign an essay. The entire class lets out a groan that could be heard from miles away, however this doesn’t phase your professor. The essay is assigned: a process essay. Now what? What is a process essay? How do you go about writing one? How do you get the A you so desperately need? This paper will discuss everything one needs to know in order to write the perfect process essay such as the definition of a process essay, how to construct it, and how to use proper transitions to make the essay flow. Read MoreEssay763 Words   |  4 PagesCan’t be Built on Soccer Fever† and â€Å"Na Na Na Na, Hey Hey, Goodbye† In Jonathan Zimmerman’s essay â€Å"African National Identities Can’t Be Built on Soccer Fever† he describes how soccer brings the people of Africa together. He talks about the unity of Africans and how much soccer is a part of their lives. He also describes the underlying reason of why soccer is so heavily pushed. The perspective in the essay â€Å"Na Na Na Na, Hey Hey, Goodbye† Tim Bowling discusses his passion for hockey and his hate forRead MoreThe Colonel Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesIn the essay, The Colonel, Michael Hogan illustrates the importance of the influential sport of tennis. Hogan writes about how tennis changed his life from an early age. When he was younger he saw tennis as a rich mans sport in which he had no interest. One of his much-respected neighbors, the colonel, approached Hogan’s father with the idea that his son might like to learn how to play tennis. After pondering the thought with his father, Hogan decided to take t he offer. The Colonel became his mentorRead MorePersuasive Essays : Persuasive Essay897 Words   |  4 Pagesbegan this class, I loved to write persuasive essays. I loved to write about my own opinions and I was quite good at convincing people to agree with my stand points. To convince others to agree on my point of view was an extraordinary feeling. I am very good at getting my point across and giving my reasons on why I feel the way I do about a certain situation. I loved writing persuasive essays because I love to read them as well. I love how persuasive essays have a call-to-action; giving the readers aRead MoreEnglish Composition One: To Be an Essay or Not to Be an Essay That Is the Question910 Words   |  4 Pages In the past, the mention to have to write a paper for an assignment caused me to break out in a sweat or my mouth instantly dries, well it does not have that kind of effect on me anymore. The key to successfully completing the essay on time is getting to researc h the topic at hand as soon as possible or before the process of writing begins. The next step for me would be to find the argument and take a side. Moreover, picking a thesis statement through brainstorming the information I gathered forRead More Flight Essay834 Words   |  4 Pages Essay on quot;Flightquot; amp;#9;It is always hard to get separated from someone you love and with whom you have shared every moment of his life until he decides to walk on a different path than yours. You dont know how to react and confusion dominates your mind. Should you be angry at him for leaving you, or should you support and respect his decision ? In her essay quot;Flight,quot; Doris Lessing illustrates the story of an old man who is learning to let go his granddaughter as she growsRead MoreEssay and Academic Life1117 Words   |  5 Pageslanguage learner? Discuss two or three problems with specific examples and details. Ex. 9 Analyzing students’ essays. Use the assignment and the Student Essays to answer the following questions. Assignment: Computers have become an important part of educational process. Write convincing illustration to this statement. Use specific and convincing examples and details. Student Essay 1 Computer as a multipurpose universal instrument of education. In our days computers have become an importantRead More Community Essay843 Words   |  4 Pagesan important effect on the shaping of a person’s character is key in both Pythia Peay’s essay, â€Å"Soul Searching† and Winona LaDuke’s interview transcribed in essay form entitled, â€Å"Reclaiming Culture and the Land: Motherhood and the Politics of Sustaining Community†. The two authors present ideas, similar and different, of what it means to live in and be a part of community. Through examining these two essays, summarizing and synthesizing, we can gain a better understanding of what community is and

Case Study Swot Analysis of Chic Fashion Limited

Question 1: Using a SWOT analysis identify any weaknesses and threats that will assist in evaluating Fashion Adornments Pty Ltd's business risk and indicate how these may affect the audit of the financial report. Answer 1: The SWOT Analysis (Weakness and Threats) is enumerated below:- Weaknesses: Inactive Participation from recogn them strengthens the companys administration. ized concerns. Pay of laborers is expensive. Threats: Competitors, suppliers who are ready to supply almost homogeneous products in lesser price. Non up gradation of the quality of products. Any political, social or economic contingencies which may be the reason for fall of the industry. Effect on Audit of Financial Report: Based on the risk associated with a project or proposal, the auditor may give an opinion on how weaknesses associated with such project can be curbed. If the control and compliance department is not working properly; the auditor may give recommendations to the management regarding those issues. Question 2: a) Explain the effect on inherent risk of CFL's relationship wih the department stores, b) Indicate two financial report items that would be affected and the assertions most at risk? Answer 2: a) Inherent risk in a business organization would take place even if there is strong internal control, such as uncertainty relating to changes in economical, political, social scenarios, non availability of sufficient funds. There should be enough tools or mechanisms to mitigate such risks. CFL with its department store would be vulnerable if in the department store such fraudulent activities are taking place which the company has no idea about. If the products in the departments are not adequate to meet customers requirement, for example in a situation of more demand and less supply, an inherent risk is associated with that as the customer are left with the option of buying the same product from the competitor companies. Regular up gradation of systems and a control in the inventory management has to be put in force. b) Two financial reporting items that would be affected are inventory (pilferage), fixed assets (due to depreciation). Question 3: Identify six application controls present within the payroll system that one may be able to place some reliance on and explain why each is a control. Answer 3:- The application control system and their importance: The batch processing system ensures input authorization, tackling huge volume of data. Comparing the manually computed data with the data produced by system ensures the reasonableness of the resulted outcome. The employee details whether valid is checked by the computer indicates that the data is integrated. Application process control is being done when the documents, reports are authorized by the competent authority. By checking the validation, reasonableness, logicalness, limit and sequence of the data validation and edit control is taken care of. Output control is performed by taking authorization from employees as they put their signatures in payroll masters listing. Each of the above are controls as the presence of each of them strengthens the companys administration. Question 4: Explain the implications of the errors noted in the tests of controls Answer 4: Test of controls are taken in the auditing process when a large number of transactions are involved in the audit and it is not possible to verify each and every transactions or data within the audit period. In this problem, 80% cases are such that all control activity has been followed. Payment to an unapproved supplier in which no explanations were provided and some of the payments did not bear evidence amount to 6% of the sample size, requires follow up procedures or it can form a qualified opinion. 2 of the payments were not supported by approved purchase order; management needs to give reasons for that, as it is one of the important documents for generation of purchase. 2 instances were found in which no supporting documents were found except the original lease agreement. The errors which occur during the conduct of sample audit can be mitigated if the samples are selected in a proper way, the material error are to be reported by the auditor in the report. Proper explanations from the management will be needed in cases where documentation like order copy, bills, invoices were not found, as they are the indication of poor internal control. Question 5: Provide two examples of CAATs that could be undertaken using generalised audit software to assist with the audit of the valuation and allocation assertion for inventory of fashion adornments.Provide two examples of Caats that could be undertaken using generalised audit software to assist with the audit of the existence for inventor of fasion adornments. Give two reasons why one might not use generalised audit software to audit the inventory of Fashion Adornments. Answer 5: Computer Assisted Audit Techniques (ACL, ESKORT) are protocols of audit using the computer system as a device. One of the processes for valuation and allocation is fraud detection techniques by the use of data mining. The inventories must be coded; a check digit method may be adopted for the same.Another example of CAAT that could be undertaken using generalized audit software is of checking validating the period on which the inventory are recorded, whether they are correctly classified or not, the position of level of inventory in a particular point of time. Question 6:- Provide the opinion on the appropriateness of the audit assistant's conclusions in each of the two situations above. Answer 6:- Two examples of CAATs, for the audit of existence of inventory are IDEA (Interactive Data Extraction and Analysis) and Audit Command Language (ACL), they are suitable for performing continuous audit and data analysis. Two reasons for not implementing generalized software would be- The users might be unable (or difficult) to understand the system. They are expensive. In the background of the case, the error was related to 3% of accounts payable tested, the errors were termed as immaterial. It could be observed if such errors have impact on internal control system. The nature of such error and follow up with the management could be necessary. The Audit Assistant conducted a test where 6% errors were found, and the tolerable misstatement rate was 4%. The mistakes were not material in character. Material misstatements are reflected in audit reports to give a qualified opinion. In this case, the errors are to be dealt by informing the management of such flaws. The management is required to give explanations as they are above the rate of tolerable misstatement rate. References: Aidi Ahmi, S. K. (2013). The utilisation of generalized audit software (GAS) by external auditors. Managerial Auditing Journal , 88-113. Arndt, E. (2009). The SWOT vs. the Risk Analysis. Business Star tup Advice , 1. AU Section 312, S. o. (2006, December). Audit Risk and Materiality in Conducting. Audit Risk and Materiality in Conducting an Audit . USA: AICPA. Augustine, O. E. (2013). Impact of Audit Evidence on AuditorS Repor. Research Journal on Finance and Accounting , 92-93. Blokdijk, J. H. (2004). Tests of Control in the Audit Risk Model: Effective? Efficient? Wiley Online Library , 1. Bragg, S. (2011). What is a payroll journal? Accounting Tools , 1. Christine Bellino, J. W. (2007). Auditing Application Controls. The Institute of Internal Auditors , 1-4. Crumbley, N. A. (2008). Auditors Responsibilities with Respect to Fraud: A Possible Shift? THE CPA JOURNAL , 1-2. Isabel Pedrosa, C. J. (2012). Computer Assisted Audit Tools and Techniques in Real World: CAATT's Applications and Approaches in Context. International Journal of Computer Information Systems and Industrial Management Applications , 161-168. K.L. Jeyaraj, C. M. (2012). Application of SWOT and Principal Component Analysis in a Textile Company- A case study. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development , 46-49. Loughran, M. (2010). How to Assess Inherent Risk in an Audit. For Dummies , 1-2. Messier, W. F., Austen, L. A. (2000). Inherent Risk and Control Risk Assessments: Evidence on the Effect of Pervasive and Specific Risk Factors. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory , 1-2. Peter, E. (2013). Audit Risk Assessment and Detection of Misstatements in Annual Reports: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria. IISTE Journals , 97-99. Quittner, J. (2008). Taking Stock of Inventory Management. Bloomberg Businessweek , 1-3. Sayana, S. A. (2002). Auditing General and Application Control. ISACA Journal , 1-2. Waxman, R. N. (2009). A Test of Controls. THe CPA Journal , 1-4. Webster, A. L. (n.d.). The Process of Performing an Internal Audit in Strategic Management. eHow- The Process of Performing an Internal Audit in Strategic Management , 1-2. Williams, J. (n.d.). SWOT Analysis for the Fashion Industry. Chron-Small Business by Demand Media , 1-2. Zhao, G. J. (2013). Relation between Audit Effort and Financial Report Misstatements: Evidence from Quarterly and Annual Restatements. American Accounting Association , 1385-1390.

Marketing Plan Netflix free essay sample

This cost $13. 95 per month and limited the customer to two rentals at a time. They also started opening more and more distribution centers to keep up with their overwhelming demand from customers at this time. This company just continued growing, by the summer of 2002 they had 670,000 subscribers, offered 11,500 different titles, and signed revenue-sharing agreements with more than 50 film distributors. By February of 2003, Netflix had one million subscribers. Finally, after more than five years in business, Netflix, Inc. ad its first profitable quarter in June 2003. It looks like Netflix, Inc. is going to be a business that stays around for a very long time. They have great customer loyalty, a large distribution system with many centers to keep up with their 1. 1million subscribers. Today Netflix subscribers can rent DVD’s unlimited and have the option of renting anywhere from one to three DVD’s at a time or unlimited streaming on the internet or through certain gamin g consoles. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Plan Netflix or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The fee for the subscription ranges from $7. 99 to $29. 98 per month. The company has more than 15,000 titles and keeps an inventory of more than 5 million discs to make sure customers are always satisfied. Netflix has more than 20 regional shipping centers around the United States; this helps customers to receive their DVDs a day or two after ordering them on the companys Website. Market The Netflix market includes anyone who is interested in watching movies. It also includes anyone who has a gaming system like, PS3, Wii or Xbox. There are even some new smartphones that allow you to download a Netflix app on them to watch on the go. Competition There are several different competitors of Netflix one of them is Hulu Plus, they offer online streaming for $7. 99 a month. There is also Blockbuster who came out with a similar online DVD rental system in 2004. Hollywood Video developed the Movie Value Pass in 2004, where customers were allowed to rent up to three movies for a flat monthly fee. Redbox has $1. 00 rentals for one night and also now offers video games for $2. 00 per night. Some other companies, like Wal-Mart and Amazon, tried an online model as well. SWOT Analysis Strengths The first strength is no long line ups and late fees. Customers can select movies and put them into their rental queue, edit them anytime they choose and they can keep the movies as long as they want without the hassle of due dates. The second strength is very competitive prices. For as little as $7. 99 a month, people can watch as many movies as they want, either streaming or on DVDs. For just a bit more, a higher number of DVDs can be out at a time or both customers can have the option of both DVD and streaming, giving users more flexibility. This is less expensive than paying for cable movie channels, while giving the customer more selection. Weaknesses One weakness is customers cannot get their movies immediately; they have to wait for the mail to arrive. Delivery normally only takes 1 or 2 days, but if it’s delayed by the post office this can result in longer waits. Another weakness is inventory costs. This is a problem again because the DVD’s are sent through the mail and might be broken or lost during delivery. In addition, because customers are able to keep DVD’s as long as they want it is hard to keep track of what might be available to customers or what might be needed and because of this there is a possibility of losing customers because of long wait times. Opportunities With all the new development of network technology, NetFlix will soon provide the service of allowing customers to download movies on the Internet in the near future. This new feature will save NetFlix a lot of money in packaging and postage fees and will also give more customer satisfaction because of no wait times for movies. Another great opportunity is that Netflix will soon begin offering video game rentals to their customers. This is a very popular amusement in today’s world and has very big potential. Threats One major threat is other streaming offerings such as Hulu and YouTube. Streaming is a pretty popular way of watching movies today. Just about anyone with a lot of money can get licenses on content and provide this service. Netflix needs to stay competitive in this area with pricing and with a good selection of movies to choose from. Another threat to Netflix is traditional rental stores. Some advantages that a traditional rental store has are that customers can get their movie on the spot and they do not have to pay a monthly fee. This is beneficial to people who do not watch a lot of movies.

Barrier Review Essay Example

Barrier Review Paper Essay on Barrier Pavel Vezhinov Barrier » From the distant fairy tales of childhood is the absolute perception of love at first sight, movement, touch. And I am sure that love is so deep, and I understand that there is nothing to add to the entire future life But in real life it is not so Love -. Only the first song in a long or a short melody for men and women In the 18 years I took the story as a beautiful (albeit tragic) tale about love. At 31, I re-read it as a banal story about a misunderstanding of men and women We will write a custom essay sample on Barrier Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Barrier Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Barrier Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mathematical musician Antonio -. Creative expression logical masculinity. Crazy Flying soul Dorothea irrational, empathic, emotional embodiment of the female There is no sense to retell the story -. Archaic fear of how the world of men to change themselves, their way of life, knowledge and values. Alas -. Change the feat just available Every betrayal someones death. Antonio gave no Dorothea, and especially yourself. Betrayed at the moment when it is not the case, and what has happened, has its reasons and of course the consequences of (a pity that they are almost not shown him has depended on another persons life. In the story would be in story). Sadly confrontation of people created in the name of and for each other. How to survive in this war? How to reach an understanding, harmony and unconditional lived happily ever after? How many times have ignited the lovers to each other we have to become more attentive, kinder, chutche, openness? Talk to me instead of to kill me! Permit me to solve the most, rather than to decide for me! Hold me instead szyvat their shelves against me! Let love into your life! Not hearing these prayers, we do not only kill the other, we will execute the best part of himself. And he knows there will be a revival of

Freshman Fifteen Essays

Freshman Fifteen Essays Freshman Fifteen Essay Freshman Fifteen Essay Historical Interview Research Paper Freshman Fifteen Freshman 15 is common about college. In this myth it is understood that students gain nearly fifteen pounds during the freshman time. In many case this myth has often been proven to be true with several factors and many of the other factors being the corner stone of this myth. Since it is considered a practice, it is necessary to understand the important factors which might lead to the quick increase in weight when one joins college. This is really dangers myth for the freshman once they start their college life far away from family. According to College Parents of America that college meal plans are designed in an â€Å"all-you-can-eat† system. This allows the students to swipe their ID cards or sign in for a meal to eat as much as they want during the meal time. Also, choices sometime are awesome and appetizing, so that may lead the students in the absolutely new setting to eat as much as they can accumulate more calories in the long run. Similarly, the students have behavio ur of going out on social meals. Even though this is the basis for effective socialization and friend making at the college, a few long meals with the â€Å"all-you-can-eat† system increases the number of visits to the counter for more and more food. This may happen for a period of time before the students themselves can recognize that they are spending more time in the dining hall and eating a lot (College Parents of America). : I have done an interview about students at Grand Valley State University, asking them about freshman 15 myth. However, most of my interviewers were females; also they were more experienced about freshman 15 more than the males. More than 75% of the females at GVSU gained weight in their freshman year, but on the other hand only 25% of the males at GVSU gained the freshman 15. A student at GVSU her name is Sarah. She started her college life when she was 19 years old, and she was thin tall girl of about 5’7? and her weight at 109 lbs .she said that everything were good until her family and her old friends started to tell her that she have a small belly, all that happen because of the late-night studying and fast food. Also, she used to eat Pizza for breakfast. She liked the idea of sharing her story about freshman 15. Because, she wants to encourage other young females to be more careful and not to ignore their weights otherwise their weight will be out of control as she used t o be before (Sarah). Moreover, College Parents of America say that the experience in freshman year is engaging and very adventurous. Many students’ schedules are busy and most of the students end up skipping and missing meals. In this context they are often compel to take other types of food, especially the fast foods at a later time. The snacks and fast foods taken during the later times often contain a high amount of calories. This may in turn lead to addition of weight by the students. The food choices in the college dining hall also play an important role in the increase in weight of many students in freshman years. The huge group of options available for students to choose from usually presents difficulty in right eating habits. In this case students tend to prefer burgers and French fires to salad bar, fruits and broiled chicken. This leads to increase in the calorie intake during the meals thus increase in the weight of the students (College Parents of America). With all wrong choices of fo od type that freshman is eating them all the time. It might be able to lead them not only to gain weight but also to have several diseases. There are many things can attract the students desires to eat more and more. The biggest one is the vending machines. Many universities have a lot of vending machines everywhere, between their halls next to the classes, so they can help the students to eat a lot and when they eat a lot their weights will be increasing a lot. College Parents of America included that snacking is also another factor in the increase in weight among the students in their freshman year. Most of the freshman year students snack all day long. Eating snakes through late night study sessions or between the classes and residence hall meetings is very common for the students. In this case students generally eat more while at the freshman year than previously when they are at school. The frequency of social gatherings in college may also contribute towards weight gain. These require the informal gatherings students organize with their friends at college. Most of the gatherings do not end without food, drinks or s ome snacks. However, having dinner in town, pizza ordering late at night and some take out food, all add up to increase in the calorie and food in take. This coupled with the fact that some of the foods taken are not recommended by nutritionists thus leading to increase in weight (College Parents of America). College Parents of America also talked about the college functions. College functions give the student many chances to eat more than necessary. Performances, lectures, clubs, panel discussions, seminars, and meeting with faculty members are some of the college gathering in which students may get the chance to eat. In some colleges where the students have been found to participate in more indoor activities, the administration have often organized outdoor activities such as sports and games coupled with snacks to attract the students into outdoor activities. It is also important to note that the rate of appearing in sports and games by the students greatly decreases when they join colleges. Many students who used to play a lot pick not to play while others pursue games that are more relaxing rather than the strenuous ones they engaged in while at school. Similarly, many students often walked to school daily while at high school. However, this changes since when they join college they t end to stay within the confines of the schools. This reduces the amount of calories burnt while at high school. In the end they student tend to store more calories in freshman year as compared to high school years thus they are likely to gain more weight (College Parents of America). Without any kind of exercise, not all that amount of calories will burn. In addition, if the students tend to ignore that it will increase their weights festally. Emotional factors too may play a role in weight gain at freshman year. As what College Parents of America says that students who may be homesick or stressed up could eat a lot for comfort. In this process, they increase the levels of calorie intake. Similar the increased intake of energy drinks may contribute to the increase in the weight of students at freshman year (College Parents of America). Some freshmen may eat and drink a lot to forget, and with all that food and drink, their body weight will be increasing. Many students think that energy drinks are good for them but what College Parents of America says that energy drinks especially those with caffeine are common among the students during the class hours, sports sessions and relaxations places. These drinks are often full with sugar and high calories. Similarly, alcohol intake may increase weight among the first year. Many college students drink with others, but some of them doing it excessively. Alcohol contains some calorie contents. If they added the calories with the other collected, the weight of the students must increase (College Parents of America). Hirsh says hat to avoid all there is need for one to get enough exercise while in first year. This would ensure that all the extra calories taken in foods and snacks are burnt. Most researchers have recommended that the student should exercise at least three days a week to ensure they do not contain excess calories. If this is done, research has shown that the students in question tend to enjoy a high degree of comfort than those with excess weight. Students involved in exercise activities were also likely to be more effective in their time management. There is a proverb says that the good mind is in the good body. Drug abuse and alcohol should be avoided. According to Hirsh, alcohol and other drugs such as cigarettes are considered to destroy the appetite. Smoking and drinking can make exercise and other normal physical activities difficult. Apart from the difficulty in climbing the stairs and walking to classrooms being made difficult, alcohol and drug abuse also exposes the abusers to have health problems of the heart, lungs and kidney (Hirsh). A lot of people said that if you smoke the weight will decreases, which is totally wrong. Smoking and drinking a lot of alcohol can cause many diseases beside the weight. Hirsh says that many smokers who have quit have often found more energy for them to engage in calorie burning activities such as strenuous exercises. This implies that when one quits smoking and engage in drug abuse, there are high chances that there will be increased engagement in physical activities thus burning the extra calories that might be available for the body. Getting enough sleep is also necessary for ensuring that the body relaxes. Enough sleep helps the body maintains its healthy weight. Sleeping also offers an opportunity for one to manage stress and avoid excessive eating. Ensuring enough sleep can be achieved by developing and following to a regular sleeping schedule. Similarly, exercising, watching TV and listening to loud music should be avoided before going to bed. If all these are done and nutrit ionist’s recommended eating habits followed to, there will be reduced cases of increase in weight at freshman year (Hirsh). â€Å"The Freshman 15: Will Your College Student Gain More From College Than You Expected?† College Parents of America.College Parents of America, n.d. Web. 18. Oct. 2012. Hirsh, Larissa. â€Å"TeensHealth.† Beating the Freshman 15. The Nemours Foundation, n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2012. Sarah. Personal interview. 15 Oct. 2012.

Journal opinion artical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Journal opinion artical - Essay Example Taking security measures by posting additional police personnel will serve as a stop-gap arrangement and it is not going to solve the problems on a permanent footing. Take it that using gun for violent acts is the type of negativity like smoking, drinking, drug addiction etc. Are we able to control the drug mafia? They thrive and score a march over the law-enforcing authorities and the Nation spends a huge budget in preventing smuggling of drugs across the borders. So, it is not about drafting a good law and getting it passed. In the light of the recent tragedy of massacre of 26 people, including 20 children in the age group of 5-10 years in a Connecticut Elementary School, one of the worst mass shootings in U.S. history, getting the bill passed at the national level should be possible for the Obama administration. Good laws need noble individuals for implementation. So the issue of creating noble individuals attains top priority. The gun control measure, and the first flush of enthu siasm exhibited by the law enforcing authorities, may reduce the percentage of gun-ridden crimes and shootouts. I therefore, reiterate my support for it, for the simple reason that there is no other alternative. But what are the economic implications of introducing the law on gun control? According to the provisions in the intended law, each teacher will carry the gun in the class room environment. Police personnel will be posted in the campus, at a conspicuous place. This is a burden on the economy of the education system, which ultimately will be passed on to the taxpayer. When the law is implemented, will it lead to the permanent solution to the problem? Instead, it may create more problems. The attackers always have the advantage of surprise element and in a big campus if one or two police personnel are posted nothing tangible is going to happen from the security point of view. The attacker will obviously come with prior scouting of the premises and the teacher in the class, tho ugh possesses the gun, will be the sitting ducks, as she has no robotic devises with reflex actions to protect her. Democratic Senator Dianne Feinstein says the bill is intended "to help end the mass-shootings that have devastated countless families and terrorized communities."(USA Law†¦) She is right. But she has not addressed to the root cause of the problem, as she will not be able to do anything about it. Senators are aware of their limitations, so are we! The issue is, those who are bent upon acquiring the guns, will get them through clandestine channels. Just look around and see how the terrorist organizations are amassing demonic weapons of their choice, including military-type assault rifles. When tempers on the issue gets cooled down, the related realities will come to the fore. Those supporting the gun ownership rights have taken a stand to oppose the bill. â€Å"Most Republican lawmakers, and even some Democratic proponents of gun ownership rights, are expected to o ppose the bill. America’s main gun rights lobby, the National Rifle Association, is already gearing up for a major legislative battle.† (USA Law†¦)Thus this law and order problem gives rise to serious economic implications as more security personnel will have to be employed at all levels. What happened at the school on the day of the shootout needs a careful and

Investment and Portfolio Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Investment and Portfolio Management - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that investment refers to the current commitment of dollars for a period of time so as to derive future payments that will compensate the investor for- The period for which the funds have been committed The expected rate of inflation during this period of time Compensation for the risk associated with the investment, i.e. the uncertainty of future payments The process of selection of investment categories requires analyzing, estimating and evaluating the expected risk return trade-off for the alternative investments available. Investment needs and Financial Plan differs from individual to individual, and changes with respect to the life cycle of the individual. After the investment decision is undertaken by the individual, the major function is to manage the investment portfolio evaluating the performance of the portfolio and updating the portfolio based on the changes in the economic environment and the investor’s needs. The investor has a sum of $100,000 to invest into financial products such as debt, equity, derivatives or cash according to his or her choice. The objective of the portfolio or the investment policy statement is to achieve long term growth of capital. In addition to that, the fund aims minimizing risk of capital loss through portfolio diversification. The portfolio will be monitored, analyzed and reported upon over the chosen time horizon. The return of the funds is evaluated relative to S&P 500 index.P 500 index. The strategy of the investor is to buy the stock and hold it for long term or at least three years, in expectation of long term capital appreciation. In order to mitigate the domestic gloom in the economy, few funds may be invested overseas in order to geographically diversify and earn benefits from emerging and developing markets. Proper diversification will help reduce the overall portfolio risk by spreading stock specific risk

Composed Upon Westminister Bridge Essay Example for Free

Composed Upon Westminister Bridge Essay This poem is all about the poets epiphany-like realisation about London’s beauty while crossing Westminster bridge. He opens the poem with a hyperbole, designed to grab the attention of the reader. He continues this with almost an accusation: â€Å"Dull would he be of soul who could pass by†. This is basically challenging the reader to read on, as he or she would be ‘dull of soul’. In the next line, the word â€Å"now† shows that it is not just this place, but this time that adds to the atmosphere. This is supported where Wordsworth describes the beauty of the morning as a garment that the city wears. This shows that the city is not always this beautiful, but with the morning being ‘worn’ it is. The next two lines show that the beauty is added to both by human creations and by nature, in a serene confluence that astounds Wordsworth. The volta (transition between octave and sestet) is subtle, but the sestet starts with another hyperbolic statement: â€Å"Never did sun more beautifully steep†. In the third line of the sestet, he describes that the atmosphere is making him feel â€Å"a calm so deep†. This is counter-intuitive, as London is a busy, bustling, and hectic place. The fact that it is calm emphasises that it is the time more than the place which creates the feeling. In the fourth line, Wordsworth writes â€Å"the river glideth at his own sweet will†. The word ‘glide’ implies that the river is taking its time- it is in no rush. Also, he uses of the word â€Å"glideth† instead of ‘glide’ because the ‘-th’ sound is softer then the ‘-s’ sound, adding to the mood of calm. The poet ends saying that the city is so unusually calm and quiet, and that at this time all of the energy and madness of city life is not yet there- and he loves it.

The Introduction Of Mamee Double Decker

The Introduction Of Mamee Double Decker Mamee-Double Decker (M) Berhad is a unique brand of good taste and fine quality. The company is recently listed in the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchang (KLSE). The company manufactures many products which are Mamee Monster, Mamee Instant and Sllrrrp Noodles, Mister Potato Chips, Mister Potato Crisps and so on. All this products are already household names. The most famous product of the company is Mamee Monster. Mamee Monster is something like noodles with a pack of seasoning powder. This product consists of two flavours which are chicken and barbeque. Besides these two flavours, there is another new flavor like satay flavor. Between these three flavours, barbeque is the tastiest and many kids like it including us. Mamee Monster consists of jumbo pack; the jumbo packs are a new product and it is include two flavours like barbeque and the new one- curry flavour. These two flavours can stimulate our taste buds. Besides this honored, the company also promote a new product which is Mister Potato Rice Crisps. This new product can competes with others brand as well like Jacker and Pringles. Why do I say so? It is because this Mister Potato Rice Crisps is low fat and healthier compared with others potato chips. Jacker is good taste but salty and same goes to Pringles. This new product consists of four flavours such as, original, flame grilled bbq, hot and spicy as well as sour cream and onion. For people who likes chili can try hot and spicy flavor. For those who do not like heavy flavour can try original flavour. In an addition, Mamee-Double Decker (M) Berhad also has a product which is instant noodles-Mamee Sllrrrp. For this instant noodles have a variety of flavours such as ayam kampung, asam laksa, kari berapi and kari extra pedas. Any of the flavours will make people sllrrrp, sllrrp, sllrrrp when eating. Overall, Mamee-Double Decker (M) Berhad is a good quality brand and no doubt it can win the heart of the public range from kids and adults to old folks. This company is a very successful company and earns much profit from previous until now. Mamee Lekor After a thorough consideration, we as Mamee-Double Decker (M) Berhads corporate finance advisors had decided to increase their shareholders wealth by introducing a new product keropok lekor. What is keropok lekor? This is it. The easiest way to describe Keropok Lekor is to call it as fish sausage. Its main ingredients are fish (Ikan Parang/Kembong/Selayang), sago flour, salt and water. We named our new product (keropok lekor) as Mamee Lekor. It can be served in crispy type or soft chewy type according to preferences.D:New folderMmuGamma 1st SemBBF 2124 FM 2keropok_lekor.jpgD:New folderMmuGamma 1st SemBBF 2124 FM 211.jpg Keropok lekor is originated from Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia and it is a popular and most visible fried snack in Terengganu. Lots of local there know how to make this keropok lekor. Therefore, there are many stalls in Malaysia that sells keropok lekor. However, there is none in hypermarket, cinemas and petrol station. This keropok lekor become very popular that we can find it in other states of Malaysia such as Johor and Melaka. Perhaps, we could not find this type of snacks in country other than Malaysia because keropok lekor is a local Malay delicacy and specialty of Malaysia. Mamee-Double Decker (M) Berhad introduces Mamee Lekor in two forms. First, the mini ball sized fried keropok lekor which packaging in a small plastic bag like Mamee Monster. Another one is raw keropok lekor. D:New folderMmuGamma 1st SemBBF 2124 FM 2keropak_lekor.jpg The fried keropok lekor in mini packing contains 10 mini balls of keropok lekor which sells RM1.50 per pack. The above picture is for illustration purpose only. To be more attrative, we will shape it into mini balls to attract customers. We also produce raw keropok lekor in 700g per pack which sells at RM10. This fried mini keropok lekor will expire in 4 to 5 days after production. How we are going to handle this situation? We will follow the Gardenias distribution strategy. We will send our workers to send new keropok lekor and collect back the expired one. Our workers are going to the retail store and supermarkets to send and collect Mamee Lekor 2 times per week. This is to ensure that our products are fresh before reaches to our customers and consumers. Also, we produce raw keropok lekor to fulfill some households demands. They can cut it into the thickness they prefer and fry or steam it. The main difference between the raw and ready fried mini packed keropok lekor is that the raw keropok lekor can keep for longer period. On the other hand, the ready fried mini packed keropok lekor can only last within 5 days. Some household may buy the raw keropok lekor and kept in their freezer and fried it whenever they want to eat. Since raw keropok lekor can be kept in a long period which is around one year, we plan to export it to other countries. We plan to export 700g of raw keropok lekor per pack to other countries selling at RM12 each. The selling price is slightly higher than in Malaysia because it already included the cost that related to export activities. We decided to export to Australia, Hong Kong and Singapore. We export more to Australia because it is the largest and fastest growing export market compared to other countries. It ha s highest export rate of snack and confectionary from Mamee-Double Decker. We also export to Singapore and Hong Kong because we want to introduce Mamee Lekor to Western and Asian countries as well. Why we produce keropok lekor? This is because it is a local traditional delicacy which not available in other countries. It is a specialty to foreigners because their countries do not have this food. So, we can monopolize Mamee Lekor in other countries. Besides, according to research, Mamee Double-Decker (M) Berhad s snacks and confectionery occupied the highest demand compared to other catrgories. So we produce Mamee Lekor which is a kind of snacks to boost the demand. We will start our project by reaching out the children because no children dislike snacks and they like to try on new things. So, we decided to distribute Mamee Lekor to school canteens. It is packed in a mini package same as Mamee Monster. It is cute and can attract children to try it. It is also convenient to consume. Moreover, in order to expand new market, we will distribute our Mamee Lekor to all cinemas such as Golden Screen Cinemas and MBO Cinemas. Most of the people will carry a packet of snacks or a big box of popcorn into the theatre. As our Mamee Lekor is also a kind of snacks, we believe that the demand will be higher in cinemas. Also, Mamee Lekor can be a substitute good for those who do not like popcorn or other snacks for health conscious. As Our Mamee Lekor is made from fish and fried with unsaturated oil, it is high protein, monosodium glutamate (MSG)-free and less oily. Why we want to promote healthy lifestyle? It is to follow Mamee-Double Decker (M) Berhads step. The company wants to produce products that are MSG-free, artificial colouring-free and oil-free. We produce keropok lekor in a healthy way to help consumers to consume without worries while maintaining a balance and healthy lifestyle. Initial Investment When we wanted to produce the Keropok Lekor, we used 3 types of machine like cartridge system, frying machine and packaging machine. The machines and the usages are shown below: Cartridge system is used to blend the filled up fish with some ingredients. This machine is the key in making Keropok Lekor and was the first step to produce the better product. The retail price of this type of machine is RM 15,000 each. It is a franchised system, so the price is fixed. We prepare keropok lekor from fish meat grounded with sago and salt; these are then rolled and made into the shape of long tubes similar to sausages by this machine.C:UsersPublicPicturesSample Picturesmoto_0117.jpg The frying machine is used to fry Keropok Lekor after it was shaped into mini size by our labours. This machine has many functions such as continuous fines removal for increased oil life and automatic oil level control. It is easy to clean. Its superior oil temperature control helps to maintain fryer quality stability. The cost of purchasing the machine is RM 6,000 each.http://img.diytrade.com/cdimg/432764/3809036/0/1181816403/Gas_Frying_Machine.jpghttp://i03.i.aliimg.com/photo/104903103/Horizontal_Packaging_Machine_v0.jpg As shown the horizontal packaging machine. After the Keropok Lekor had been steam and fried, the packaging and leballing process happen. It is to keep keropok lekor last longer and maintain the taste. This machine costs RM 13,000 each. How many factories we have? We are going share some spaces in the existing Mamee-Double Decker factories rather than building extra factories. We choose to share capacity with factories in Selangor, Perak, Johor and Sarawak. This is the strategic location as we can cater the demands of North, East, West, and South of Malaysia. There are 2 cartridge system, 2 frying machines and 1 packaging machine in each factory. We use 2 catridge machine because one machine is not big enough to blend big amount of filled fish and other ingredient. When we use two of them together, the maintenance cost will become lower when some of the parts broken. Timing on processing will also reduce 20% compare to big cartridge machine. Other than that, we use 2 frying machines because we need to save cost especially in introducing the new product. The bigger and more technologically advance machine will cost higher. So we use 2 cartridge system and frying machine instead of the sophisticated one. The machines we use are expected to be able to serve large amount of production. Lastly, for an newly introduced project, we expect that 1 packaging machine is enough to cater our production. It produces around 70 to 100 packs of keropok lekor per hour. With one packaging machine only, we can save our budget and consume less space. We are going to promote our new product by advertising on The Star  [1]  newspaper. Why we choose to advertise on The Star rather than other newspapers? According to Audit Bureau of Circulations from 1 July 2008 to 30 June 2009, The Star newspaper is the most famous newspaper in Malaysia in term of readership. It has between 290,000 to 300,000 readers. Moreover, The Star newspaper is an English-language newspaper which is readable for all races, for instance Malays, Chinese, Indian and others, in Malaysia. Additionally, we need to buy new vans to implement our distribution network strategy. Each second hand van would cost us RM 80,000 each. We plan to buy 2 vans for each factory. We will hire driver to run our distribution network to distribute and collect back our keropok lekor. Year 1 In first year, we expect to sell 1,200 packs of Mini ball keropok lekor and raw keropok lekor each day. That means each factory has to produce 300 packs of Mini keropok lekor and raw keropok lekor respectively. Total quantity produce of mini and raw keropok lekor = 300 packs per day x 4 factories x 30 days per month x 12 months per year = 432,000 packs repectively. Sales Mini keropok lekor Raw keropok lekor Cash inflow in year 1 Unit selling price RM 1.50 RM 10.00 Quantity produce 432,000 432,000 Sales volume RM 648,000 RM 4,320,000 RM 4,968,000 The main ingredients of keropok lekor are ikan parang/kembong/selayang, sago flour, salt and water. The ingredient costs of mini and raw keropok lekor are RM 0.80 and RM 5.00 each while the packaging costs are RM 0.20 and RM 0.10 respectively. Packaging cost of mini keropok lekor is higher than raw keropok lekor because the packaging design will be more colourful and attractive. Also, we need labours to help us shape mini keropok lekor and fry it. Each labour cost is RM 800 per month. Each driver will have to travel 2 times per week to distribute and collect mini keropok lekor. Each trip will cost RM 150 including petrol cost. So, each driver costs us RM 150 x 2 times per week x 4 times per month x 12 months x 4 factories = RM 57,600. Costs Mini keropok lekor Raw keropok lekor Ingredient + packaging (RM0.80+RM0.20) x 432,000= RM 432,000 (RM5+RM0.10) x 432,000 = RM 2,203,200 Labor 6 labours X RM 800 X 12 months x 4 factories = RM 230,400 Driver 2 drivers x RM 57,600 = RM 115,200 Cash outflow (RM 432,000 + RM 2,203,200 + RM 230,400 + RM 115,200=RM 2,980,800 Net operating cash flow in year 1 = RM 4,968,000 RM 2,980,800 = RM 1,987,200 Year 2 Year 2, we estimate that our production will increase 5% as demand increases. Since first years production is 864,000 units (432,000 units for mini and raw keropok lekor respectively), year 2 our productions will be 907,200 units (864,000 + 5%). That means production for each type is 453,600 units. Besides, as Mamee Double-Decker (M) Berhad generated about 30% of its sales from the export markets which cover more than 80 countries across all continents, we plan to expand market and export raw keropok lekor to other countries. Each pack of raw keropok lekor, we will charge RM 12 which slightly higher than RM 10 to cover any expenses incur in export activities. In this year, we will export 100,000 units to Australia, 60,000 units to Hong Kong and 36,000 units to Singapore. In other words, we will export 25000, 15000 and 9000 units to these 3 countries in every 3 months. Why do we export more products to Australia? As Australia is the largest and fastest growing export market which contributed 18% of the total export sales in financial year 2009, we decided to export more products to the country. Other than Western country, we also export to Asian country such as Hong Kong. It not only helps to expand our market, but also introduce keropok lekor such a traditional cuisine to both Western and Asian countries. Besides, Singapore is our neighbour country and knows our cultures more as well as it contributed 9% of total export, so we choose to export to Singapore rather than other countries. Sales Mini keropok lekor Raw keropok lekor Export raw keropok lekor Cash inflow in year 2 Unit selling price RM 1.50 RM 10.00 RM 12.00 Quantity produce 453,600 453,600 196,000 Sales volume RM 680,400 RM 4,536,000 RM 2,352,000 RM 7,568,400 Due to increase in production, we have to add in additional 2 labours, 1 driver, 1 cartridge system, 1 packaging machine and 1 frying machine in each factory. Costs Mini keropok lekor Raw keropok lekor Export (raw keropok lekor Ingredient + packaging (RM0.80+RM0.20) x 453,600 = RM 453,600 (RM5+RM0.10) x 453,600 = RM 2,313,360 (RM7+RM0.10)x 196,000 = RM 1,391,600 Labor 8 labours X RM 800 X 12 months x 4 factories = RM 307,200 Driver 3 drivers x RM 57,600 = RM 172,800 Cartridge system RM 15,000 x 1 unit x 4 factories = RM 60,000 Packing machine RM 13,000 x 1 unit x 4 factories = RM 52,000 Frying machine RM 6,000 x 1 unit x 4 factories = RM 24,000 Cash outflow RM 453,600+ RM 2,313,360+ RM 1,391,600+ RM 307,200+ RM 172,800+ RM 60,000+ RM 52,000+ RM 24,000 =RM 4,774,560 Net operating cash flow in year 2 = RM 7,568,400 RM 4,774,560 = RM 2,793,840 Year 3 We estimate that our sales in this year keep increasing and probably reach maturity. Our expected production excluding export will increases from 907,200 to 950,400 units which increases around 5 % of year 2s production. In other words, production for mini and raw keropok lekor is 475,200 units respectively. Additionally, we expect export rate of keropok lekor will increase 4 %, which is from 196,000 to 204,000 units. In this year, we have to add in more technologically advance machine to cater the increase in production. We will purchase more innovative cartridge system, packing machine and frying machine to improve productivity. We also hire 2 more labours and 1 more driver to help us run our business smoother. The additional driver can help us widen our distribution network to other places. We expect that the cost of labour will become slightly higher which is from RM 800 to RM900. It is to increase their motivation to work and maybe due to inflation. Sales Mini keropok lekor Raw keropok lekor Export raw keropok lekor Cash inflow in year 3 Unit selling price RM 1.50 RM 10.00 RM 12.00 Quantity produce 475,200 475,200 204,000 Sales volume RM 712,800 RM 4,752,000 RM 2,448,000 RM 7,912,800 Costs Mini keropok lekor Raw keropok lekor Export (raw keropok lekor Ingredient + packaging (RM0.80+RM0.20) x 475,200 = RM 475,200 (RM5+RM0.10) x 475,200 = RM 2,423,520 (RM7+RM0.10)x 204,000 = RM 1,448,400 Labor 10 labours X RM 900 X 12 months x 4 factories = RM 432,000 Driver 4 drivers x RM 57,600 = RM 230,400 Cartridge system RM 20,000 x 1 unit x 4 factories = RM 80,000 Packing machine RM 20,000 x 1 unit x 4 factories = RM 80,000 Frying machine RM 10,000 x 1 unit x 4 factories = RM 40,000 Cash outflow RM 475,200+ RM 2,423,520+ RM 1,448,400+ RM 432,000+ RM 230,400+ RM 80,000+ RM 80,000+ RM 40,000 =RM 5,209,520 Net operating cash flow in year 3 = RM 7,912,800 RM 5,209,520 = RM 2,703,280 This year, although expected sales increases, net operating cash flow decreases. This is because we plan to do expansion by adding more technologically advance machines. This is logic as whenever a firm manages to cover up their initial investment, what they might do is to do expansion. Year 4 Out of expectation, probably the demand for our keropok lekor might go down. Perhaps there is new competitors exist in market. Who knows they envy of our high sales volume and might want to compete with us? With our 3 years brand recognition, perhaps our sales would not drop too badly. So, our expected production will be 920,000 units which are 3% less than previous year. Production of mini and raw keropok lekor will be 460,000 units respectively. As production decreases, we do not have to hire much driver for distribution network. We will cut down 1 driver to cut expense of RM 57,600. However, we will remain our existing labours. As we believe that, whenever there is an obstacle, we will find out a way to curb it and boost future sales as well as production. Thus, we do not want to loss any well- trained and loyal labour. Still, in order to handle any possible changes in future, we have a pessimistic view that the cost of ingredient will increase. We predict that the unit cost of mi ni keropok lekor will increase from RM0.80 to RM0.90 while raw keropok lekor will increase from RM5 to RM 5.50. On the other hand, our export rate will keep on increasing. We expect our production will be 210,000 units which is 3% higher than in year 3. Why do we forecast that the export rate will increase? Why not decrease? Because, even if foreign competitor wants to compete with us, they might need some times to figure out how to produce such a Malay local cuisine which is available in Malaysia only. This is our local special food, so of course there is some recipe that other countries do not know. Also, since there is a decrease in Malaysias sales and an increase of export rate, we do not have to add in any new machine. Sales Mini keropok lekor Raw keropok lekor Export raw keropok lekor Cash inflow in year 4 Unit selling price RM 1.50 RM 10.00 RM 12.00 Quantity produce 460,000 460,000 210,000 Sales volume RM 690,000 RM 4,600,000 RM 2,520,000 RM 7,810,000 Costs Mini keropok lekor Raw keropok lekor Export (raw keropok lekor Ingredient + packaging (RM0.90+RM0.20) x 460,000 = RM 506,000 (RM5.50+RM0.10) x 460,000 = RM 2,576,000 (RM7.50+RM0.10)x 210,000 = RM 1,596,000 Labor 10 labours X RM 900 X 12 months x 4 factories = RM 432,000 Driver 3 drivers x RM 57,600 = RM 172,800 Cash outflow RM 506,000 + RM 2,576,000 + RM 1,596,000 + RM 432,000 + RM 172,800 = RM 5,282,800 Net operating cash flow in year 4 = RM 7,810,000 RM 5,282,800 = RM 2,527,200 Year 5 Assume that there is a drop in sales, of course we will take some actions to increase the sales back. In this year, we plan to open kiosk in hypermarket. Together there will be one kiosk in Melaka, Kuala Lumpur, Penang and Johor Bahru respectively. Rental of each kiosk is expected to be RM 800. We will hire 2 workers to help us operate the kiosk. Since we sell freshly cooked keropok lekor on the spot, we will need to purchase one frying machine for each kiosk. We also need some budgets for setup cost. With the above strategy, we believe that we able to boost our sales for at least 2%. Our expected production will be 940,000 units which is 470,000 units for each type of keropok lekor. Furthermore, we predict that our export rate of keropok lekor will grow at a decreasing rate which is 1% only. Our expected export rate will be 212,000 units. We are going to hire 2 more labours to help us to run our business to avoid supply shortage and to employ any future strategy. We need 1 more driver to widen our distribution network, and send raw keropok lekor to our kiosk to ensure there is no shortage problem. No additional machine is required as we already added in technologically advance machines in previous year which able to cater higher production. Sales Mini keropok lekor Raw keropok lekor Export raw keropok lekor Cash inflow in year 5 Unit selling price RM 1.50 RM 10.00 RM 12.00 Quantity produce 470,000 470,000 212,000 Sales volume RM 705,000 RM 4,700,000 RM 2,544,000 RM 7,949,000 Costs Mini keropok lekor Raw keropok lekor Export (raw keropok lekor Ingredient + packaging (RM0.90+RM0.20) x 470,000 = RM 517,000 (RM5.50+RM0.10) x 470,000 = RM 2,632,000 (RM7.50+RM0.10)x 212,000 = RM 1,611,200 Labor 12 labours X RM 900 X 12 months x 4 factories = RM 518,400 Driver 4 drivers x RM 57,600 = RM 230,400 4 Kiosk Expenses Calculations Total Rental RM 800 x 4 kiosks x 12months RM 38,400 Workers RM 800 x 2workers x 4 kiosks x 12 months RM 76,800 Frying machine RM 3000 x 4 kiosks RM 12,000 Setup RM 1,500 x 4 kioks RM 6,000 Total expenses for kiosks RM 133,200 Cash outflow in year 5 RM 517,000 + RM 2,632,000 + RM 1,611,200 + RM 518,400 + RM 230,400 + RM 133,200 = RM 5,642,200 Net Operating cash flow in year 5 = RM 7,949,000 RM 5,642,200 = RM 2,306,800 Although expected sales increases, net operating cash flow slightly decreases, it is due to the investment in kiosks. Yet, we believe that next years sales and net operating cash flow will increase simultaneously. RM 1,987,200 RM 2,793,840 RM 2,703,280 RM 2,527,200 RM 2,306,800 o 1 2 3 4 5 year RM 1,140,000 The time line above depicts the conventional cash flow of our project. There is only one cash outflow for initial investment in year 0. From year 2 to 5, there is positive net operating cash flow. The net cash flow rises from year 1 to 2 because we export raw keropok lekor to other countries and increase revenues. In year 3, the sales keep on increasing but net cash flows drop as we do expansion by purchasing additional machines for technology advancement. During year 4, we predict that there will be new competitors exist to compete with us. Our sales drop slightly but net cash flow increases, because we try to cut cost and do not need to add in new capital. The next year, we employ a new strategy which is to open kiosk in hypermarket to sell freshly fried keropok lekor. We predict that our sales will increase slightly. But why net cash flow descend? Because we need some costs on operating the kioks. In short, our net cash flow thoroughout the year is up and down, but we manage to ke ep it at positive level. From other point of view, there will be up and down, because when any unfavourable things incur, we try to solve it and up the net cash flow again. Cost of Capital The cost of capital acts as a link between Mamee Double-Decker (M) Berhad s long term investment decisions (keropok lekor project) and the wealth of their owners as determined by investors in the marketplace. It is the magic number that is used to decide whether a proposed investment will increase or decrease the firms stock price. The cost of capital is the rate of return that Mamee Double-Decker (M) Berhad must earn on the keropok lekor project in which it invests to maintain the market value of its stock. In this project, we will use Mamee Double-Decker (M) Berhads retained earnings to cover our new project. Cost of retained earnings is a cost of internally generated funds. It is an imputed or opportunity cost or the dividends given up by the common stockholders. It is the rate that investors can earn elsewhere on investments of comparable risk. Why we choose to use cost of retained earnings rather than issuing new shares or bonds? The main reason is that we notice Mamee Double-Decker (M) Berhad is proposing share buy-back. According to research, they plan to buy back the shares by using their retained earnings. So, why do we still want to use its retained earnings to support our new project? This is because we cannot issue additional shares or bonds to raise capital. Mamee Double-Decker (M) Berhad proposed share buy-back is to reduce number of shares outstanding and increase their share price. So, we do not want to do the opposite way. Moreover, Mamee Double-Decker (M) Berhad is very strong. It holds RM 43,457,000 cash, deposit and bank balances without borrowing any long term debt. It finances itself with cash only. That is why we do not want to raise capital by issuing bond which is a type of long term debt. Although tax is deductible when we issue bonds/debts/loans, we do not want to break the rules and rise their financ ial risk. They do not finance themselves with any debt, perhaps they want to reduce their risk for no need to pay out coupon payment and principal to their debtors. Besides, we choose to raise capital by using retained earnings because our initial investment only takes 9% of their overall retaining earnings. Their retained earnings in financial year 2009 are RM 83,977,000 while our initial investment is RM 1,140,000. Our payback period shows that we could cover it up within 1 year. Yet, without being over optimistic, there is always something unfavourable happen, so we predict that we could cover up the initial investment within 2 years. Cost of retained earnings= D1 / P0 + g The dividend per share from year 2000 to 2009 is shown below: Year Dividend per share Year Dividend per share 2000 5.5 cents 2005 14 cents 2001 5.5 cents 2006 20 cents 2002 5.5 cents 2007 25 cents 2003 6.0 cents 2008 5 cents 2004 10 cents 2009 7 cents Input Function -5.5 PV 7.0 FV 9 N Growth of dividends = 2.71% (by using financial calculator) According to Bloomberg Businessweek  [2]  , expected dividend in 2010 is RM 0.10 while share price of Mamee Double-Decker (M) Berhad is RM 3.70. Cost of retained earnings = (RM 0.10 / RM 3.70) + 2.71% = 5.41 % In short, our cost of raising capital by using Mamee Double-Decker (M) Berhads retained earnings is 5.41%. The cost of capital will be applied when calculating NPV of the company. Payback Period Payback period can be defined as the amount of time required for a firm to recover its initial investment in a project, as calculated from cash flow. Payback period which also calculated as: Payback period = RM 1,140,000 / RM 1,987,000 = 0.57 years Basically, payback period is used by small firms to evaluate most projects or small projects in larger firms. The computation is simple and easy to apply. By measuring how quickly the firms get to recover from its initial investment, payback period gives implicit consideration to the timing of cash flows. Many firms use payback period as a decision criterion to other decision as it can be viewed as a measure of risk exposure. The longer the firm must wait to recover its invested fund, the greater the possibility of a calamity. So, the shorter the payback period, the lower the firms exposure to such risk. Payback period cannot be specified in light of wealth maximization goal because it is not based on discounting cash flows to determine whether they add to the firms value. Payback period is viewed as an unsophisticated capital budgeting technique because it does not explicitly consider the time value of money. The calculation above shows that payback period for our new project is one year. Why is it so short? It is because our cash inflow in year 1 which is RM 1,987,200 is higher than the initial investment which is RM1,140,000. So, we get to cover back our initial investment and have an extra of RM 847,200 of revenue in year one. We should be glad that we able to pay back the initial investment within one year but please do not forget that it does ignore the time value of money. In finance, we always mention time value of money. But, do we really know what does it mean? Well,

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Information for patients The department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology looks after only women patients. Obstetrics deals with pregnancy and child birth. An obstetrician gives pre pregnancy counseling, looks after the woman and her baby during pregnancy, helps with child birth and looks after the woman for six weeks after delivery. A gynaecologist looks after women with diseases of the reproductive system. These include period problems, infections, benign tumours like fibroids and ovarian cysts and cancers.Women wanting to conceive are looked after by the Reproductive Medicine Unit which will look after the gynaecological problems of these women also. The department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology now have five units. The outpatient days and contact details of the five units are given below. |OG unit 1 |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gynaecology and Gynae cancer | |Phone No: |  Ã‚  Ã‚  0416 – 2283395 | |Email : |  Ã‚  Ã‚  [email  protected] ac. n | |OPD days : |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mondays & Thurdays | |   |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Menopause clinic on Wednesday afternoon | |Faculty : |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. Abraham Peedicayil (Professor & Head of the Unit) | |   |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. Alice George (Professor ) | |   |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr.Rachel Chandy (Professor) | |   |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. Anitha Thomas (Asst. Professor) | |   |   | |OG unit 2 |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gynaecology and Urogynaecology | |Phone No: |  Ã‚  Ã‚  0416 – 2283397 |Email : |  Ã‚  Ã‚  [email  protected] ac. in | |OPD days : |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tuesdays & Fridays | |   |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Female Continence clinic on Wednesday | |Faculty : |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. Aruna Kekre (Professor & Head of the Unit) | |   |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr.Lilly Varghese (Professor) | |   |   | |OG unit 3 |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obstetrics & Gynaecology | |Phone No: |  Ã‚  Ã‚  0416 – 2283399 | |Email : |  Ã‚  Ã‚  [email  protected] c. in | |OPD days : |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wednesday & Saturday | |Faculty : |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. Annie Regi (Professor & Head of the Unit) | |   |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. Jessie Lionel (Professor – On leave) | |   |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr.Elsy Thomas (Asst Professor) | |   |   | |OG unit 4 |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obstetrics | |Phone No: |  Ã‚  Ã‚  0416 – 2286185 | |Email : |  Ã‚  Ã‚  [email  protected] ac. in | |OPD days : |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tuesday & Friday | |Faculty : |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr.Ruby Jose (Professor & Head of the Unit) | |   |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. Reeta Vijayaselvi (Asst Professor) | |   |   | |OG unit 5 |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obstetrics | |Phone No: |  Ã‚  Ã‚  0416 – 2286172 | |Email :   Ã‚  Ã‚  [email  protected] ac. in | |OPD days : |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monday & Thursday | |Faculty : |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. Jiji Elizabeth Mathews (Professor & Head of the Unit) | |   |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. Bivas Biswas (Asst Professor -On leave) | |   |   |Special clinics run by the department Female Continence Clinic  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Wednesday – 8. 00 am , Room 2 & 3 in OG OPD Caters to women with urinary and defaecation problems Menopause clinic  with gynaecologists and endocrinologists – Caters to women after menopause – Wednesday 2. 30 p. m. , Room 22 & 23 in OG OPD Perinatal Medicine Clinic  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Wednesday (with obstetricians, Neonatologists and geneticist) Caters to women who have had babies with birth defects, repeated abortions, still births, who are worried about these problems recurring. Wednesday 2. 00 p. m. , Room 2 in OG OPD

Foundation Certification †My Short Notes Essay

A team or group of people and the tools they use to carry out one or more processes or activities. Functions provide units of organization responsible for specific outcomes. Functions are logically isolated from each other. Definition – Process A set of coordinated activities combining and implementing resources and capabilities in order to produce an outcome and provide value to customers or stakeholders. Process has following attributes. Trigger, Activity, Dependency & Sequence Process should be measurable Process should produce specific output Process should meet customer expectation Definition – Process Owner The person/role responsible for ensuring that the process is fit for the desired purpose and is accountable for the outputs of that process. Definition – Service Owner The person/role accountable for the delivery of a specific IT Service. They are responsible for continual improvement and management of change affecting services under their care. The service owner is a primary stakeholder in all of the underlying IT processes that enable or support the service they own. Definition – Service A means of delivering value to customers by facilitating outcomes customers want to achieve without the ownership of specific costs or risks. Definition – RACI Model R – Responsibility (at least 1R per activity who is doing the actual work) A – Accountability (1 A per activity) C – Consult I – Inform Service Strategy The purpose is to define the perspective, position, plans, and patterns that a service provider needs to be able to execute to meet an organization’s business outcomes * Perspective – Defines the organization’s view of itself, generally communicated through the organization’s vision and direction. * Positions – Defines the distinctiveness of the organization in comparison to its competitive market and as identified through the minds of its customers. * Plans – The predefined details for supporting and enhancing the organization’s perspective and positions, usually identifying a potential future state for the organization and a strategic response to the state and level of investment required. * Patterns – Defines the conditions and actions that must be consistently in place and repeatable to achieve the objectives of the organization; patterns allow the organization to predict the future. Service strategy defines the role of serv ices and service provider in achieving the business objectives of the organization through management of IT. Value to Customer To enable a service provider to create value for a customer, a systematic approach has to be adopted. For ITIL, this approach is determining service utility and service warranty. Service Warranty (Fit for use) + Service Utility (Fit for propose) = Service Value Service utility and service warranty are present for every service provided to a customer. One cannot exist without the other. By describing both Service Utility and Service Warranty, it enables the provider to clearly establish the value of the service, differentiate themselves from the competition, and, when necessary, attach a meaningful price tag that has relevance to the customer and associated market space. Service Package = Enabling Services + Core Services + Enhancing Services Definition – Service Asset A Service Asset is any resource or capability used in the provision of services Definition – Business Case The business case is a detailed analysis of the benefits and impact of the business action in meeting the business objective and disrupting the delivery of other IT services. Attributes Introduction, Methods & Assumptions, Business Impact, Risk Service Strategy Processes Demand Management & Strategy Management for IT Services are out of scope for ITIL Foundation exam. 1. Financial Management * Responsible for securing the necessary fund to provide the service to the customer. * Maintain balance between cost of service and quality of the service * Maintain balance between supply and demand * Activities * Budgeting * IT Accounting * Chargeback * Service Valuation * Outputs * Service Valuation * Service Investment Analysis * Compliance (Align with rules & regulations) * Cost optimization * Support for BIA 2. Service Portfolio Management * Track services throughout whole service lifecycle * Link services to their business objectives/value * Ensure all other management processes are working to get expected business outcomes * Includes Service Pipeline, Service Catalog & Retired Service Catalog * Content : Description, Requirements/Business Cases, Value, Options, Price, Risk, Priority Investment Categories and Budget Allocations Phases/Activities of service portfolio management 3. Business Relationship Management * Maintain relationship between customer and service provider and understand customer needs * Ensure high level of customer satisfaction * Understand service packages and service level packages Service Design Benefits of Service Design * Reduction in total cost of ownership (TCO) * Improved quality of service * Improved consistency of service * Easier implementation of new or changed services * Improved service alignment * Improved service performance * Improved IT governance * Improved effectiveness of service management and IT processes * Improved information and decision-making * Improved alignment with customer values and strategies The Four Perspectives (Attributes) of ITSM * Partners/Suppliers * People * Product/Technology * Processes Major Aspects of Service Design * Service solutions for new or changed services * The management information systems and tools, especially the service portfolio * The technology architectures and management architectures * The processes required * The measurement methods and metrics Service Design Package (SDP) The contents of the service design package comprise four major sections with several smaller, but equally important, sub-sections. The four major sections are: †¢ Requirements †¢ Service Design †¢ Organizational readiness assessment †¢ Service Lifecycle Plan Service Design Processes 1. Design Coordination * Single point of coordination and control for all activities & processes in Service Design stage * Individual organizations decide whether they need Design Coordination process or not. Only major changes will require this process * Activities 2. Service Level Management * Focus on Service Warranty (performance, availability, and security) * The establishment, monitoring, and improvements in service levels and their achievement * Communication to Customers & Business managers on Service Levels. Will not conflict with Business Relationship Management process since this will only focus on Service Warranty * Manage, Negotiate & Document SLR & SLA * Develop & Review OLA * Review UC for ensure they are align with SLA * Influence improvement within SIP * Monitor service performance against SLA * Three types of SLA structures. Service Based, Customer Based & Multi Level/Hierarchical (Corporate, Customer & Service based agreements) 3. Supplier Management * UC (Underpinning Contracts) SCMIS (Suppliers & Contracts Management Information System) * Activities * Definition of new supplier and contract requirements * Evaluation of new suppliers and contracts * Supplier and contract categorization and maintenance of the * SCMIS * Establishment of new suppliers and contracts * Supplier, contract, and performance management * Contract renewal or termination * Supplier Categorization * Supplier Management process activities are span across all states except Service Strategy 4. Service Catalog Management * Include live service are services available for deployment (Customer-facing service and supportive services) * Service Catalog is a large part of the Service Portfolio. However, while the portfolio is focused on tracking the business requirements and the investments on a service, the Service Catalog is focused on the service solution and its delivery to the business * Service Catalog includes Business Service Catalog & Technical Service Catalog * Top – Down approach is used when defining service catalog. (Business -> Technical) 5. Capacity Management * Maintain balance between Resources/Capabilities Vs Demand * Business Capacity Management & Service Capacity Management * Sub-Process of capacity management * Business * Service * Components * Activities * Performance Monitoring * Demand Management – Short term reactive activity * Application Sizing – New or Changed service * Modeling – Predict future behaviors * Tuning * Capacity Planning * Capacity Management Information System 6. Availability Management * Ensure that the level of availability delivered to all IT services matches the agreed need for availability or defined service level targets * Includes Reactive Activities (Monitoring, Incidents) & Proactive Activities (Planning, Design) * Measurements * Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) or Uptime * Mean Time to Restore Service (MTRS) or Downtime * Mean Time Between System Incidents (MTBSI) 7. IT Service Continuity Management * Known as disaster recover planning * Produce and maintain IT Service Continuity plan to support Business Continuity Plan * Business Impact Analysis (Quantify the loss) Risk Assessment (Identify possible failure points) are considered when implementing strategy * Ongoing activities to make people aware about the recovery plan. Trainings, Reviews 8. Information Security Management * Information security is a critical part of the warranty of a service * Ensuring that the agreed business needs regarding the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the organization’s assets information, data, and IT services are matched * Develop and maintain information security policy align with business security requirements * Security test schedules and plans. * Information Security Management Perspectives * Organizational * Procedural * Physical * Technical * Framework for Managing Information Security * Plan * Implement * Control * Evaluate * Maintain Service Transition Service Transition Processes 1. Transition Planning and Support * Ensure proper attention is given to the overall planning for service transitions and to coordinate the resources required to implement the new or changed service * Provide clear and comprehensive plans that enable customer and business change projects to align their activities with the service transition plans * The scope of transition planning and support concentrates on the resources, schedules, and budgets required to move the IT service * To standardize methods and procedures used for efficient and prompt handling of all changes * A transition strategy will be constructed to define how all transitions will be managed within the organization based on the type and size of transitions expected in the environment 2. Knowledge Management * Maintain a Service Knowledge Management System (SKMS) that provides controlled access to knowledge, information, and data that is appropriate for each audience * DIKW Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom structure * Database to capture Data, Information and Knowledge but not Wisdom * Components of SKMS 3. Service Asset and Configuration Management * Ensure that assets under the control of the IT organization are identified, controlled, and properly cared for throughout their lifecycle * Identify, control, record, report, audit, and verify services and other configuration items (CIs), including versions, baselines, constituent components, their attributes, and relationships * Manage complete life cycle of CI * Activities * Planning – Strategy, Policy, Objectives, CMDB Design * Identification – What CI to be recorded & their relationships * Control * Status Accounting * Verification & Audit 4. Change Management * Ensure that all changes to configuration items are recorded in the configuration management system * Optimize overall business risk. It is often correct to minimize business risk, but sometimes it is appropriate to knowingly accept a risk because of the potential benefit. * Types of changes * Normal Changes – Need to go through all steps of change management process * Standard Changes – Pre approved changes. Should be possible via service request. No need of RFC * Emergency Change * Steps * The RFC is logged. * An initial review is performed (to filter RFCs). * The RFCs are assessed and may require involvement of CAB or ECAB. * Authorization of change builds and test by the Change Manager * Coordination of the build and test, e.g., work orders are issued for the * Build of the change (carried out by other groups) * Change Management authorizes deployment. * Change Management coordinates the deployment (with multiple checkpoints). * The change is reviewed (Post Implementation Review). * The change is closed. 5. Release and Deployment Management * Planning, scheduling, and controlling practices applied to the build, test, and deployment of releases * Define and agree Release and Deployment Management plans with customers and stakeholders * Four phases of release deployment management * Release & Deployment Planning * Release Build & Test * Deployment * Review & Close Service Operation Responsible for the ongoing management of the technology that is used to deliver and support the services. Service Operation accepts the new, modified, retiring, or retired services from Service Transition, once the test and acceptance criteria have been met. Functions Unique to Service Operations is the introduction of functions. While a defined function does have responsibilities in all stages of the Service Lifecycle, the majority of activities they performed are completed within the scope of Service operations. 1. Service Desk * Single point of contact between the services being provided and the users. A typical Service Desk will manage incidents and service requests as well as communication with the users. Thus, the Service Desk staff will execute the Incident Management and Request Fulfillment processes with the intent to restore normal-state service operation to users as quickly as possible * Minimize service outage day to day basis * Make sure that agreed services only provide to those who authorized * Structures * Local * Central * Virtual * Follow the Sun * Activities * Logging all request, prioritization, categorization and first level of investigation * Keep user informed about incident & outage * Customer satisfaction survey 2. Technical Management * Custodian of technical knowledge and expertise related to managing the IT Infrastructure. It provides detailed technical skills and resources needed to support the ongoing operation of the IT Infrastructure. * Plays an important role in providing the actual resources to support the IT Service Management lifecycle. It ensures that resources are effectively trained and deployed to design, build, and transition, operate, and improve the technology to deliver and support IT Services. 3. IT Operations Management * Ongoing management and maintenance of an organization’s IT infrastructure. IT operations is the set of activities used in the day-to-day running of the IT infrastructure to deliver IT services at agreed levels to meet stated business objectives.IT Operation Control * IT Operation Control * Job Scheduling, Backup, Restore and Monitoring * Facilities Management * Data Centers, Recovery Sites, Computer Rooms 4. Application Management * Application Management covers the entire ongoing lifecycle of an application, including requirements, design, build, deploy, operate, and optimize. Service Operation Processes 1. Event Management * Detecting Event, Understanding Event, Determining Appropriate Control Action * Three Types of events * Informational * Warning * Exception * Populate SKMS with event information and history 2. Incident Management * An unplanned interruption to an IT service or reduction in the quality of an IT service, or a failure of a CI that has not yet impacted an IT service * The purpose of Incident Management is not to prevent an incident, but to reduce its impact by restoring normal service operation as quickly as possible * Ensure that standardized methods and procedures are used for efficient and prompt response, analysis, documentation, ongoing management, and reporting of incidents * Incident Models – Steps and procedures that should be used to manage previously seen and documented incidents * Steps * Order of Steps * Responsibilities – Who should do what * Time scale/Threshold * Escalation Procedures * Any necessary evidence/prevention actions * Activities * Identification * Logging – All incidents regardless of source of that incident * Categorization * Prioritization * Impact + Urgency = Priority * Initial Diagnosis * Escalation * Functional * Hierarchical * Investigation and Diagnosis * Resolution * Closure 3. Problem Management * Concentrate on diagnosing the root cause of incidents and on determining the resolution to those problems. * Defines a problem as the underlying cause of one or more incidents 4. Request Fulfillment * Form of changes that are small in nature, low risk, and low cost in its execution, and are frequently performed * Activities * Menu Selection * Financial Approval – Optional * Other Approval – Optional * Fulfillment * Closure 5. Access Management * Effectively execute the policies in Information Security Management, enabling the organization to manage the confidentiality, availability, and integrity of the organization’s data and intellectual property. Continual Service Improvements * CSI is always seeking ways to improve service effectiveness, process effectiveness, and cost effectiveness * Review, analyze, prioritize, and make recommendations on improvement opportunities in each lifecycle stage * Periodically conducting internal audits verifying employee and process compliance * Periodically conducting customer satisfaction surveys * Continual Service Improvement Approach * CSI Register * Part of SKMS. And keep track of all improvements opportunities. * Anyone should be able to access and submit improvement points to CSI Register * IT Governance has three main areas * Enterprise, Corporate, IT Governance * Types of Metrics * Technology – Performance, Availability * Process – KPI, * Service * Tension Metrics : Resources, Features, Time Schedule The Deming Cycle * Plan: Design or revise business process components to improve results * Do: Implement the plan and measure its performance * Check: Assess the measurements and report the results to decision makers * Act: Decide on changes needed to improve the process Seven Steps Improvement Process 1. Identify Strategy for Improvements 2. Define What You Will Measure 3. Gather Data 4. Process Data 5. Analyze the information & data 6. Present and use the information 7. Implement Improvement