Hajj :: essays research papers

The Hajj Pilgrimage     Mecca is also known as Makkah and its full call off is Makkah al-Mukkaramah. Mecca is a city in the Hijaz region of western Saudi Arabia. It is known as the holiest site in the Islamic religion. The history of Mecca goes back as untimely as the fifth century. It was an independent and powerful city in pre-Islamic times. It is the religious center for Islamic people and it houses the Kaaba and the Great Mosque. It is also the birthplace of Muhammad, the first big(p) of caliphate, and the center of present day mosques. In 630 Muhammad and some of his followers went into the city of Mecca and captured it. Mecca is said to have started one of the most important religions in the world and it brings unitedly the Islamic religion.     When people think about Mecca one of the first things that might come to their heads is the pilgrimage or the black stone. Muhammad is one of the reasons that Mecca is what it is today. Muhha mad was a prophet born(p) 570 in Mecca. He was orphaned as a child and sent to ended up living with his uncle. Muhhamad would get away from everything by going to the discontinue to meditate. One night while alone at Mt. Hira he was visited by an angel named Gabriel. After this Muhhamad began to accept Allah and started to conceive. Some of the things Muhhamad believed was Jihad, holy struggle. He also began to believe you live for Allah. He believed all those who did would be rewarded and the rest punished. Not everyone believed the way Muhammad did. People at first thought that his teachings were a threat to the religious and stuff and nonsense order. He was accused of making up what the Angel Gabriel had told him. He got followers from the poor and people who thought they were being unequally treated. Muhhamad took these people and then unexpended and went to Medina to find more followers. He then returned to Mecca later and took over the city and converted everyone to Islam .      In the Islamic faith there are five pillars that they moldiness follow to their best ability. The Salaht, the Hajj, they must give to the poor, fasting during the month of Ramadan, and repetition of the creed, "There is no God but Allah Muhammad is the messenger of Allah." These pillars are more desire obligations in the Islamic religion.

The Last Hung: Joops Mid-life Crisis :: essays research papers

The Last Hung Joops Mid-Life Crisis     In Horst Sterns The Last Hunt, a man named Joop is portray as aprofessional worker in a very well known bank. Outside of being a banker, Joopenjoys to hunt wild animals. This has been a hobby of his since he was ayoung boy. Throughout the story many questions are raised about Joops truefeelings about his job, hunting, and his life. In the beginning of the story, awomen walks in on Joop while he is staring at a picture on a wall in his office.The women is very embarrassed because she believes he is staring at the nuditypart of the picture. This indeed is not true as the reader further examines thereason behind the picture. By looking at the picture, Joop realizes that he is issue through a mid-life crises, which can only be resolved by exorcisingmemories of his wife, the bear, and the goddess of hunting, Diana.     The solution to the first part of his mid-life crisis is to get rid ofthe memories of Mari that still resided deep at heart his mind. He does this byvisiting the house where the majority of these memories take place. Whiletouring through the house he remembers all the ways that Mari resembled thegoddess of Diana. During the period that Joop was married to Mari, sheportrayed herself in a few ways as being Diana. She did this by giving thename of "Worshipping Diana to the act of Joop flattering her.Her skin was white except for unmatched violet-colored bruise just under herright collarbone it never disappeared entirely during the hunting season andcame from the kick of her hefty weapons. It pleased her that he liked to kissthis particular spot. She called it "Worshipping Diana" (Stern 112).By doing this, Mari therefore implies that she believes she is thegoddess of hunting. Not only does Mari imply that she is similar to the goddessDiana, but Joop also feels very upset about her believing that she is a goddessand he is just one of her pawns. " Her solemn ity always frightened him, sinceit seemed to suggest that his main role in her eyes was as high priest of herown frenzy" (Stern 112). In this case the high priest would be the hunter Joop,and he would be serving Mari in her own fantasies.     Joops departure from the house was very bustling because he wanted to getthe memories of Mari behind him.Joop climbed wearily into the car and told his chauffeur to drive .

Providences Black Chinese: A Love Story :: China Short Stories Papers

savings Black Chinese A Love Story On the morning of February 23rd, 1901, Chung Yick stood chatting with Mr. Joseph Hoffman, the proprietor of the picture frame shop on the ground appall of the Charles Street house the two men shared with several different tenants. The house wasnt much better than a tenement building, with its dirty wooden fountain and narrow crooked stairs. A crude sign on one side said PICTURES in bold letters, marking the entrance to Hoffmans store. The Yicks lived on the other side, along with the Rileys and the widow Driscoll, who were cramped up on the second floor. Still, it was a decent street to live on, with a mixture of small shops and house physicianial homes and the Mosshassuck River front crawl alongside it like an emaciated and sleepy serpent. Chung was a gaunt man in his forties with hollow cheeks and intense brown eyes-he projected a plastered gravity that was somehow incongruous with popular notions of the jolly, docile Chinaman. Instead of the traditional Chinese collarless jacket, he sported a conservative brown suit, complete with vest, tie, and slim black shoes. Chung was a cook by trade and a good one, too-well enough respected for the Providence Journal to dub him one of the citys best-known Chinese restauranteurs. Most likely, he was an employee of the Wah, Yee, Hong & Co. eating house, the Chinese restaurant located closest to his home, just a brisk fifteen-minute walk forth at the bottom of College Hill. It was a windy Saturday morning with temperatures well below freezing, and Chung relished these last moments of warmth inside the store before hed have to venture out into the cold. Several thousand miles away from his old home in southern China, where temperatures fluctuated between hot and hotter, Chung still hadnt quite adjusted to Providences bitter winters. That walk would be especially brisk at present John, Mr. Hoffman said suddenly, addressing Chung by his chosen American name, Whats all that ra cket? Indeed, some great noise-frantic footsteps and shouting-could be heard coming from the general direction of Chungs kitchen where, minutes earlier, he had left his wife and stepdaughter bustling about their morning chores. Its a fire someone shouted from outside. The attics on fire The first official Chinese resident in Rhode Island appeared on the state census in 1865, but there may have been at least one Chinaman in Providence even earlier.

Grading System Reform Essay example -- Argumentative Persuasive Educat

Grading System domesticise Teachers have al government agencys used grades to measure the amount a educatee has learned. This invest is becoming ineffective. umpteen students have a wide range of grades, which show that grades may not show what a student really knows. Therefore, the standard mark system should be replaced. Some reasons why grades should be replaced are bad grades can hinder a childs performance, grades define who a student is in the classroom, and grades are not an effective way to see if students have learned the material. The current grading system should be upgraded and every school should unified the plus/ negatively charged system in their method of grading.The public highschool schools began a grading system as a way of telling an soul how they were performing. There was no interest by the public in reporting the schools progress at teaching. Teachers, in an effort to recognize with child(p) performers, looked for a way of rewarding hard-working stude nts for their efforts The grading structure changed from superior and excellent to As and Bs. This placed much of the burden of recognizing schoolman talents on the high schools.Hindering a students performance with a bad grade in the middle of the year can present them give up for the rest of the year. Once a student has received a bad grade they might lose faith in their academic ability. By talent up a student does not reflect their academic ability and their bad grades are not based on what they learned.Students are... Grading System Reform Essay example -- Argumentative Persuasive EducatGrading System Reform Teachers have always used grades to measure the amount a student has learned. This practice is becoming ineffective. Many students have a wide range of grades, which show that grades may not show what a student really knows. Therefore, the standard grading system should be replaced. Some reasons why grades should be replaced are bad grades can hinder a ch ilds performance, grades define who a student is in the classroom, and grades are not an effective way to see if students have learned the material. The current grading system should be upgraded and every school should incorporate the plus/minus system in their method of grading.The public high schools began a grading system as a way of telling an individual how they were performing. There was no interest by the public in reporting the schools progress at teaching. Teachers, in an effort to recognize outstanding performers, looked for a way of rewarding hard-working students for their efforts The grading structure changed from superior and excellent to As and Bs. This placed much of the burden of recognizing academic talent on the high schools.Hindering a students performance with a bad grade in the middle of the year can make them give up for the rest of the year. Once a student has received a bad grade they might lose faith in their academic ability. By giving up a student does no t reflect their academic ability and their bad grades are not based on what they learned.Students are...

The Racial Debate of Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Es

The Racial Debate of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, end-to-end the years, has provoked many debates pertaining to racialism. A variety of individuals believe that Mark Twain expressed apparently racist ideas. The reason being, this novel shows the relationships between blacks and whites in the nineteenth century and all the ugliness that accompanied these associations. However, this novel is not a racist novel it shows these situations not to promote racism, but to bring a better understanding of the subject and how one can overcome individual prejudices and grow from these experiences. This novel shows Huck Finn, a product of this insufferable society, coming to the realization of how uncivilized and ignorant his white peers have become. By showing these situations and the transformations Huck goes through, the reader sees racism and its effects in real life settings. It is imperative for the reader to recognize the ideas and repulsiveness of the South at that time in history and Twain with his writing of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn attempts to challenge these ideas throughout the novel. Twain shows the irony and hypocrisy of treating people as property through Hucks eyes, and uses Huck to educate us in the immorality of this practice. For many of Twains critics, this novel is racism with a face on it and for the most obvious reason the word nigger is used throughout. But seeing the novel takes place in the darksome South about twenty years before the Civil War, it would be highly unusual if they didnt use this word. James M. Cox wrote, The language is neither gaol in a frame nor distorted into a caricature rather, it becom... ...laude M Simpson. Englewood Cliffs,N.J. 1968. Fishkin, Shelley Fisher, Phd. Teaching Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 1995, July Summer Teachers Institute, Hartford, Connecticut 1995 http//www.pbs.org/wgbn/cultureshorck/teachers/huck/essay.html Le avis, F.R. Introduction to Puddnhead Wilson. (London Chatto and Windus, Ltd., 1955) Rpt. Twentieth ampere-second Interpretations of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Ed. Claude M Simpson. Englewood Cliffs,N.J. 1968. Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Berkeley University of California Press, 2001. Zwick, Jim. Civil Rights or Book Banning? Three New Approaches to Huckleberry Finn http//www.boondocksnet.com/twainwww/essays/civil_rights9809.html Hentoff, Nat. Expelling Huck Finn. Jewish World Review 29 Nov. 1999. www.Jewishworldreview.com/cols/hentoff/12999.asp

The Racial Debate of Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Es

The Racial Debate of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, throughout the years, has provoked many another(prenominal) debates pertaining to racialism. A variety of individuals believe that Mark Twain express apparently racial ideas. The reason being, this figment shows the relationships between blacks and whites in the nineteenth century and all the ugliness that accompanied these associations. However, this novel is not a racist novel it shows these situations not to promote racism, but to bring a better understanding of the subject and how one can overcome individual prejudices and grow from these experiences. This novel shows Huck Finn, a product of this insufferable society, coming to the realization of how uncivilized and ignorant his white peers have become. By showing these situations and the transformations Huck goes through, the reader sees racism and its effects in real life settings. It is imperative for the reader to rec ognize the ideas and repulsiveness of the South at that time in history and Twain with his write of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn attempts to challenge these ideas throughout the novel. Twain shows the irony and hypocrisy of treating people as property through Hucks eyes, and uses Huck to educate us in the immorality of this practice. For many of Twains critics, this novel is racism with a face on it and for the most obvious reason the word nigger is used throughout. But seeing the novel takes mooring in the Deep South about twenty years before the Civil War, it would be highly unusual if they didnt use this word. James M. Cox wrote, The speech communication is neither imprisoned in a frame nor distorted into a caricature rather, it becom... ...laude M Simpson. Englewood Cliffs,N.J. 1968. Fishkin, Shelley Fisher, Phd. Teaching Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 1995, July Summer Teachers Institute, Hartford, Connecticut 1995 http//www.pbs.org/wgbn/cult ureshorck/teachers/huck/essay.html Leavis, F.R. inlet to Puddnhead Wilson. (London Chatto and Windus, Ltd., 1955) Rpt. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Ed. Claude M Simpson. Englewood Cliffs,N.J. 1968. Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Berkeley University of California Press, 2001. Zwick, Jim. Civil Rights or Book Banning? Three New Approaches to Huckleberry Finn http//www.boondocksnet.com/twainwww/essays/civil_rights9809.html Hentoff, Nat. Expelling Huck Finn. Jewish World refreshen 29 Nov. 1999. www.Jewishworldreview.com/cols/hentoff/12999.asp

Political Science Essay

MSC is a state college funded by the national establishment and is recognized by the Commission on spiriteder(prenominal) Education, offering full power point courses in Education, Agriculture, Allied Medicine, humanistic discipline and lights, Business and guidance, Criminal Justice Education, Engineering, Fisheries, Industrial Technology, Information and Computing apprehensions, Its main campus is located at Boac while it has tierce campuses in Torrijos, Gasan and Santa Cruz Marinduque. Its vision is to become nonpareil of the premier colleges in the region, along the fields of instruction, research, extension and production. With the mission of providing quality, responsive, and dynamic leadership in the argonas of Education, Technology, Engineering, Environment, Agriculture, Fisheries, Culture, Arts and Sciences to endow God fearing individuals who are innovators and protectors for the sustainable development of the province and the country as a whole.One of its campus es, MSC Santa Cruz offers Bachelor of Arts in semipolitical Science. It is intentional to provide students with a broad education in g everywherenmental Science that prepares students for a wide range of career and employment opportunities. It is considered as the best proviso for a career in law, in government and politics, diplomatic service, and in non-governmental and supranational organizations. It provides students with formal training in the theoretical and empirical methods in the jibe of Political Science.Students, through their electives, may opt to further specialize in any of the core areas of International Relations, Local and Global Governance, Comparative Politics, Public Management and Political Theory. This remove is designed to identify the reasons why students lost their interest in studying a course that is define to be social learning dealing with political institutions and with the principles and conduct of government. Furthermore, it strives to identif y the contributing factor that matchs the continuous decrease of enrolment of the said course in for the last 2 forms.Objectives of the askThe study depart focus on determining the reasons why there is a continuous decreasing morsel of codeees in the Political Science Course. It allow for specifically focus on1. Determine the profile of the respondents match toA.) AgeB.) GenderC.) Year Level2. Find the factors that affect the decreasing number of enrollment in AB political Science. 3. Determine the effects of the decreasing number of enrollees to the Political Science Program. 4. Determine the effects of the decreasing number of enrollees of the Political Science Course to the MSC Community as a whole.Signifi pratce of the StudyThis study attempts to prepare the factors that affecting the continuous decreasing number of enrollees of Bachelor of Arts Major in Political Science in MSC Santa Cruz Branch. The result of this study may help the teach administration to provide new academician programs and policies to strengthen or growth the enrollment of Bachelor of Arts Major in Political Science. Thus, MSC Santa Cruz Campus and administration may benefit from the study, for it will sacrifice ideas on how to develop and enhance the current curriculum for AB Political Science. This study may overly help the institution to develop the commercial in the career program whenever they visit secondary schools in Marinduque.Moreover, the results of this study may help parents be aware of the factors why students drop-out from these courses. It may also help parents better their relationship when it comes to decision making on what course what course to take in college.Scope and DelimitationSince the primary objective of this study is to cite factors that affect the continuous decreasing numbers of enrollees of AB Political Science course in MSC Santa Cruz Campus, this study limits particularly on students of Political Science who did not continue or change their course or transfer to other college or university within the S.Y. 2010-2012.The former students will be used as respondents to mark off the factors that affect their decision in changing course or dropping out of school. This study considered students demographic profile that might deplete an impact on their decision making such as their age, gender and year aim. One on one interview with the respondents, parents and teachers will be done in high up society to accomplish more in-depth information. This study will be conducted for 3 months within the month of July to October. Questionnaires, Interviews and Observation will be used to identify the Factors that affect the decreasing number of enrolees of AB-Political Science in MSC Santa Cruz Campus.Chapter 2REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREDuring our research, we reviewed these, professional ledger articles, mission statements, websites, government reports, school reports and in-depth analyses. no(prenominal) such(prenominal) analysis has been published concerning our research question. However, many published produces discussed some aspects that can help in our research. We discuss the related works belowPolitical Science Definition(According to Sanorjo, 1992) Political science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, government, and politics. Hence, Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals extensively with the speculation and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems and political behavior. Political scientists see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles almost the way the world of politics works.Political science intersects with other fields including anthropology, public constitution, national politics, economics, international relations, comparative politics, psychology, sociology, history, law, and political theory. Although it was codified in the nineteenth century, when all the social sciences were established, political science has ancient roots indeed, it originated almost 2,500 years ago with the works of Plato and Aristotle.Political science is comm serious divided into ternion distinct sub-disciplines which together constitute the field political philosophy, comparative politics and international relations. Political philosophy is the reasoning for an absolute normative government, laws and similar questions and their classifiable characteristics. Comparative politics is the science of comparison and teaching of different types of constitutions, political actors, legislature and associated fields, all of them from an intrastate perspective. International relations deal with the interaction amidst nation-states as well as intergovernmental and transnational organizations.Political science is methodologically diverse and appropriates many methods originating in social research. Approaches involve positivism, interpretivism, rational choice theory, behavioralism, structuralism, post-structuralism, realism, institutionalism, and pluralism. Political science, as one of the social sciences, uses methods and techniques that relate to the kinds of inquiries sought primary sources such as historical documents and official records, secondary sources such as scholarly journal articles, survey research, statistical analysis, case studies, experimental research and model building.(According to Saviours Hub, 2007), the importance of political science is the application of political powers and authority in the realm of government structures. The ordinary citizens may know and learn about their political rights and privileges from a given form of government including the political structure and processes of the state. Therefore, from the understandings of these basic concepts of government, state, laws and institutions those who would study political science must know its importance and function, relationship with other discipline and broader understanding to its specific roles of individual in a civilized society.The students and professionals should not only know the political theories but also deeper insights as to its application in their own field of expertise. Thus the study of political science will also include the empirical investigation of political facts through social research and the application of critical thinking. The key words in the comprehensive analysis on the principles of political science are state, government, law, institution, power relationships, legal process, constitutions and politics. These are the important dimensions to study political science that need to be constantly in touchs to set the citizens in achieving quality of living to our society. Why students have Political Science(According to Bellamy Moon), The study of political science prepares one not only for employment, but for life as an informed citizen ready to participate in political activities within interest groups or political parties related to community organization and political advocacy or even service as an elected or appointed official.Political science has been called the queen of the sciences, and rightly so. It is the only major where one can obtain practical knowledge and at the same time gain insights into the great issues of our age. What, for example, are the causes and institutional forces behind conflicts between the President and the chairman of a congressional committee? Are nations threatening an armed confrontation? What lies behind this conflict? Is there public and media frenzy over a certain policy? Why do people react this way and is it justified? What is the human condition? What is the meaning of civil society, and what is the individuals place in it?When you study Political Science you will think about these questions often. You will be able to answer them better than you could otherwise thanks to a n understanding of the Presidency and Congress, international relations, political ideologies, and political theory. The knowledge and critical skills gained from the study of politics will enable you to be a more rational citizen, a more reconstructive participant in public affairs, and a better professional in any vocation that deals with the public domain, including important positions in corporations, government and non-profit organizations.Political Science is a broad and inclusive discipline. whatsoever political scientists are psychological researchers who want to understand why people behave the way they do politically. Some political scientists study institutions such as legislatures, courts, and bureaucracies. Others seek to know the whys and wherefores of judicial processes and constitutional issues. Some study foreign political systems to learn how their political systems work and why they differ from ours and each other. Other political scientists are intellectual his torians and social critics who are interested in the quest for the good society. Still others are policy analysts. Some are omnibus students of American politics.Some are statistical theorists and specialists in surveying political attitudes. Some investigate the causes of war and the conditions for repose among nations. Amid this wide diversity of interests and approaches lies a frequent concern with anything political issues, institutions, behavior, power, and public goods. Political scientists also share a common interest the public scope of human society, the uses of power and persuasion, and the ideas which shape it. The different pursuits and the varied methodologies of political scientists all are directed in one way or another toward promoting this common goal of understanding politics.Factors Affecting the Decrease of Enrollment in Schools(According to Charles Pearson, chows Contributor), Education plays a major role in the future economic success and welfare of an indi vidual. Therefore, parents and educators are often concerned when students leave school. However, schools are also often worried about losing funding during periods of low enrollment, especially when a large number of students attend alternative schools or move out of the area. Lower birth measures influence school enrollment. When the general area has fewer children in general, the schools have enrollment shortages that can lead to decreased funding and teacher layoffs. Population affects the enrollment rates. Areas that have people moving away will have subvert school enrollments. Also, if no one is moving into the school district, lower birth rates in general can gradually decrease school enrollments. These problems are frequent in rural areas and exacerbate the already limited funding that these schools receive. The number of businesses in a given area is positively correlated to school enrollment. Geographic areas with fewer businesses have decreased school enrollment.Unemplo yment rates do not significantly influence enrollment rates, according to studies conducted by the Center for campestral Pennsylvania. Some reform policies have decreased school enrollments. For example, in Chicago, reforms designed to prepare students for high school have lead to decreased school enrollment in high school as fewer students pass through the promotion gate. Low achieving students were the most likely to not enroll in high school. The enactment into high school often causes students to drop out of school. Many students cannot handle the transition towards more autonomy. Some schools have sought to ease the transition by having extended elementary schools which go until 9th grade, with a greater emphasis on preparing the students for the high school environment. Some students drop out of school so that they can pursue employment. Some students are forced into financial situations in which they need to work to bring an income in that can support themselves and their f amily. Some families do not value education and prefer that their children enter the workforce.Pregnancy sometimes leads to high school dropout. Pregnant teens often cannot handle the stress of simultaneous motherhood and education. Other times, doctors predict that the teen will give birth around a time when the teen has crucial academic events such as exams that determine whether or not the teen passes. Some students have poor grades or attendance. As a result, they do not feel that they can graduate and rather choose to drop out. Students cannot drop out of high school until they are 16. Therefore, reaching this age provides students with the opportunity to drop out of high school. Some parents choose to send their children to private schools. Other parents choose to home school their children. These decisions are often made because the parents are not satisfied with the academic curriculum provided by the public schools, so they decrease the public school enrollment rates by p ulling their children out.As Cost of Education Rises, Dropout Rates among Filipino Youths lift (According to GLAIZA MAY MUZONES and JOSETTE EMILY DE JESUS, 2009), MANILA with six children and an extended family to fend for, Edna Espinosa has already conditioned her children that the highest education they can achieve is high school. Even if I wish they could arouse college, we cannot really afford it, Edna said in an interview with Bulatlat. Considering that her husband doesnt earn much with his job as a plumber, Edna seeks the help of her children for their daily expenses. Glenn, one of the two children of Edna who was able to get to college, said that after graduating from high school, he had to stop schooling for three years and work as a dish washer in a restaurant so he could send himself to school. At 26, he took up a computer-technology course at STI College, with tuition of P20, 000 (about $422) per semester.Earning a meagerly amount of P4, 000 ($84) a month, he wasnt a ble to enroll himself this coming semester because of the increase in tuition. From P20, 000, the tuition soared to P25, 000 ($527), excluding other expenses for school projects. He should have been in second year. Glenn is among many Filipino youth who cannot afford the increasing cost of education due to incessant tuition increases every year. The dropout rate has worsened over the years as school-aged children are compelled to work and help their parents earn money for their familys daily expenses. Based on 2008 data from the Commission on Higher Education (CHEd), out of 100 Grade One pupils, only 66 finish Grade Six. Only 58 of the 66 go on to enroll in first-year high school and only 43 finish high school. Of the 43 who finished high school, only 23 enroll in college and only 14 of the 23 graduate from college.The Increase of tuition fee is one factor. The average tuition rate both at the national level and in the National Capital Region (NCR) has doubled under the Arroyo admin istration, Kabataan Rep. Raymond Palatino said in a privilege speech on May 18 titled, The calamity of the Philippine Education. Citing data from CHEd, Palatino revealed that the national average tuition rate has increased by as much as 89.93 share, from P230.79 ($4.526 at the average 2001 exchange rate of $1=P50.99) in school year 2001-2002 to P437.10 ($9.829 at the 2008 average exchange rate of $1=P44.47) last school year. The thermionic vacuum tube Manila average rate, on the other hand, went up by a whopping 94.54 percent, from P439.59 ($8.62) to P855.20 ($19.23) in the same period. Metro Manila has the highest average tuition rate per unit of P855.2 for the school year 2008-2009 This means that for a regular 21-unit load, students are paying P17,959.20 ($403.849) every semester for the tuition alone.Based on its own monitoring, the National Union of Students of the Philippines (NUSP) cited several schools in Metro Manila that will increase their tuition this coming school ye ar amid the global financial crisis and scorn appeals from CHEd. Among these are Lyceum of the Philippines, with a five-percent increase in tuition and another five-percent increase in conglomerate fees University of the East, five-percent tuition increase Far Eastern University, six-percent tuition increase. The Philippine School of Business and Arts, 15-percent tuition increase San Beda College, 20-percent tuition increase University of Santo Tomas, seven-percent tuition increase for incoming first and third Year students and 8.52-percent tuition increase to incoming 4th year students, according to the NUSP Tuition Watch. Palatino criticized the practice of some schools to get profit even without increasing tuition. A school can forgo tuition increase and they can mess up that there is no tuition hike.But it does not say that there is an increase in miscellaneous fees, in superfluous and exorbitant fees, Palatino said in an interview with Bulatlat. The youth representative said the energy fee, development fee, accreditation fee, athletics fee, internet fee, insurance fee and air condition fee are just some of the questionable fees being collected in private schools. Such tactic has proven to be very profitable to school owners. Unlike tuition, miscellaneous fee of all sorts are not included in the tuition increase consultations provided under CHED Memorandum No. 13, the guidelines for tuition hike applications, which was recently re-implemented followers the lifting of the tuition cap, Palatino said in his speech. In our country, education is a big business, the NUSP said in its primer on the state of Philippine education. Palatino asserted that high cost of education does not guarantee good quality education. Most private schools are profit-oriented diploma mills.They exist for profit. They only give out diplomas and knead students their milking cows. According to Palatino, half of the unemployed in the country belong to the youth sector. One-third of newly graduates do not immediately get employed. If we have a good quality of education in elementary and high school, not all youth need to enter college. In other countries you can even so be employed even if you just finished high school. In our country, you need to finish and have a college degree for all kinds of available right on jobs, said Palatino. Palatino also criticized the low budget of the national government for the education sector. In other countries, tertiary education is highly subsidized by the state. In the Philippines, higher education is dominated by the private sector, he told Bulatlat. Palatino said that the ideal spending on education should be 18 to 20 percent of the national budget, but the average spending on education in the Philippines is only 13 percent.The amount is equivalent to only 2.3 to 2.4 percent of the Gross national Product (GDP). This is way below the prescribed standard of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organiza tion (UNICCO), which states that six percent of GDP must be parcel out to education. Because of the limited budget given to public schools, the funds provided for the facilities, salary of teachers, learning materials, and even school feeding programs are also inadequate, Palatino said. He said that despite the free tuition in public schools, it would cost around P15, 000 ($316.78) to P20, 000 ($422.38) to send a student to a public school. This amount covers the auxiliary needs of students that include school fees, books, school supplies, uniform, transportation, and food.Due to the small allocation of budget in education, public schools are forced to collect fees for other services. Palatino co-authored House Bill No. 2440 titled An Act Imposing a Three Year Moratorium on Tuition and Other Fee Increases on All Educational Institutions, principally authored by Bayan Muna Rep. Teddy Casino. The three-year moratorium on tuition hike will serve as a temporary relief for students in a ccordance with the estimate of the National economical Development Authority (NEDA) that the current economic crisis would last for three years. The bill is pending in the Lower House. For now, Glenn, like many other Filipino youth, will have to strive on his own to realize his dream. I want to go back to college and receive a diploma, he said.

Albinism Essay

Albinism Background Information Albinism is a genetic disorder which affects the amount of melanin produced, in a soulfulnesss skin, hair, or eyes. Oculocutaneous albinism, Ocular albinism, and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome ar other names for this genetic disorder. The disorder affects mostly men, because it is a recessive gene. Females are unremarkably cable carriers. Albinism does not affect any keep backed ethnic or religious group. Symptoms/ Effects This Genetic Disorder affects the eyes, skin, or hairs pigmentation. If an organism has albinism, it has little or no color in a specific part of its body.Albinistic skin burns easily. People with this disorder have to take special precautions to avoid sunburns and diseases such as skin cancer. Most types of Albinism as well as affect the eyes. Symptoms affecting the eyes include Crossed eyes, Light sensitivity, Rapid eye movements, Vision problems, and functional blindness. Albinistic people may have to limit their outdoor activit ies to avoid too much exposure to the sun. This disorder itself is not heart threatening. However albinism affects many animals camouflage, and makes them easy prey.A humans life span can be shortened by lung disease or bleeding problems from a form of Albinism, Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome. Testing/ Diagnostics This disorder can be detected simply by looking for pale or unnatural colored eyes, hair, or skin. To make sure, scientists use genetic tests to affirm that a person has albinism. Ophthalmologists also conduct electroretinograms to detect any optical problems. Causes Albinism is a recessive gene that can only be inherited. It is not sex-linked. Treatments Albinism cannot be cured, but it a person with albinism can wear colored contacts or sunglasses to comfort and encourage their eyes.They can wear sun block and stay indoors to protect their skin. Name Vivian Ray (Vivia)? Age 17? Gender F? Appearance There, you see her first amour you notice when you see Vivia, is her grace. From her delicate structure to her legato motions, she is elegant and nimble. Vivia has dark black/brown hair pulled into a messy bun with an ornate pen sticking out of it. She has overgrown bangs, that fall into her face. She has an unexpended way of talking, she looks at you straight in the eyes with her bright grey irises, while speaking with long embellished sentences in a melodic voice.Vivia does not reckon to be intimidating or weak. But at the same time, both. She holds herself tall and her eyes seem be a portal to her her inner depths.? Abilities/Talents Vivia once ice-skated and did ballet. She is evenhandedly athletic. Vivias main talent is writing. She often walks around in the park trying to find the perfect word to decribe the leaves slowly falling down, or the prints in the snow. She has her own column in the Elwood High newspaper called On the Bright Side? Basic Likes/Dislikes? Likes Vivia like things that are well though out, poems, art swear out, and anything else.She loves sour things, and is often sucking a lemon head. When asked her favorite color she thinks of her late mothers grey eyes (the only trait she inherited from her mother) and replies without hesitation, grey. She loves fruit and would patch it over any other dessert, likes listening to instrumental music . She also likes to reread her dog-eared copies of Shakespeare in her free time.? Dislike The number one thing Vivia dislikes is being wrong. She does not like the uncertainty and indecisiveness she often suffers from.She also does not like people who stereotype and make assumptions about her. She tends to not work as hard if she is forced to do something instead of herself choosing to do something. Vivia also absolutely hates suspense, and has yet to read a full mystery without skipping to the end.? Personality Vivia, is usually not the loudest person, and often simply listens in the background. However, her writing truly shows who she is, and wants to be. She is often c aught dreaming about what would happen if her life were different. She has a temper if you annoy her sufficient to find it.She can be stubborn, and is very fair.? Background Information As a senior at Aberle High, Vivia is being pressured into making the big decision as to what career path she should choose. Her father is pushing her toward a doctorate, while she would rather become an author.? Relationships Vivias mother was a journalist and died in a car accident while driving to the scene of er next story. She lives with her father and little brother. She loves her father and wants to make him proud. There, you see her, leaning against a tree

Us Economy After the Civil War

MSS220 US Economy After the Civil War The north and the south both experienced a slight struggle after the Civil War concerning agriculture, commerce and the state of the economy. A southern newspaper out of Augustus County, The Staunton Spectator, offered several articles that gave insight as to what the conditions were corresponding after the war had ended. One article, Grape Culture explained the possible profit one could obtain by adding grapes to their normal crops. Grapes were extremely expensive when fully swelled since they were used mostly for wine.Although farmers were not skilled enough to make the wine themselves, they could sell the grapes and make a total of 400-500 dollars per acre after purchasing seeds for less than atomic number 6 dollars. This article shows that most agriculture in the south was not as profitable as it was before the war. The push to increase agricultural revenue shows that this was a time of struggle. Another article, Our Town and Its Business stated that the farmers had been doing well and making some profit despite the poor conditions that followed the war.It described the south as thriftier than ever, with to a greater extent energy and industry than they had before the war. The article Home Industry pushed the notion of making their own products at home in the south rather than bread and butter the north and sending away for household items. Both articles seemed optimistic and supported the idea that southern industry would become stronger in the future. The Valley Spirit was a newspaper from the north in Franklin County, whose articles provided the same insights.One article The Coming Crops of this Country explained that the year before had not been very profitable but that in the overture harvest, conditions were ideal. The crops would have a much higher yield than the year before, leading to much more revenue for northern farmers. This article shows the northerners had high hopes for larger benefit than the prec eding year and for agricultural prosperity. Another article Business in Chambersburg urged farmers to do their business locally rather than in larger cities. Buying draw from local stores costs just as much as it did in the larger cities . It was also heaper to buy products in bulk from the local stores since discounts were given when products were bought in larger quantities. Again, the article shows that saving money was of high interest to the northerners and that local support was needed. Both newspapers show that the economy all over the country was not as strong as it was before the war. They both seem to focus on the increase of agricultural profit, saving money and an optimistic outlook on the future. Though the articles showed that the north and south did not want to support each other, it was obvious that they were going through the same struggles.

Doing Business in Russia & Czech Republic Essay

When assessing the market for investment it is also important to be able to identify what risks are presented by these markets. As this project requires a $100 million investment it is crucial here to be able to have a steady economic and political environment to carry out the operations of the business. As of 2004, the Russian government has taken a strong control of the legislation in the realm. The government has each help up or has cancelled several big American projects.The new legislation also tends to weaken the rights of the shareholders. Moreover Russia has not been cooperating with the United realm in terms of energy agreements. This makes the country and its legal and political associations hostile towards business which is derived form the United States. This along with the political uncertainty in the region makes the investment climate in Russia very unpredictable and unfavorable. However despite this investment in the economy has been growing.Most of this has come f rom the FMCG and consumer goods sector. The advantage of conducting business and investiture in this region would be benefiting from the high standards of technical education and training. However, by investing in this country the business will have to face and beset corruption at every level. Conducting business in the Czech Republic offers problems in the short term related to compatibility issues, registration of the business as wholesome as adaptation to the culture and environment in the region.However the benefit of investing in this region would be benefiting from the tolerance and cooperation characteristics of the work force which modify the country to be economically successful in the long run. The unemployment rate n the country has decreased and the country is moving towards advancement presenting as a favorable market for investing in a business or operations in this region. According to the analysis of the two countries that has been conducted, it would be more op erable and economically viable to invest in the Czech Republic as compared to Russia.

The Main Purpose of Farce

The main purpose of farce is to make people laugh, so as a topic the laughter connects people and becomes a means of agreement among them. Ratajczakowa distinguishes five types of texts according to their level of comedy and association with farce or comedyThe low jocund that uses only means of farce to induce laughterThe moderately that uses using gratify as a way of expression and intellectualisationThe highly amusive that limits pique and uses various aesthetic categories to bring a smile and emotion to the addresseeThe tragicomic that connects non comical matters with comical representations which makes the audience confused and evokes contrasting emotionsThe non comical abandoning humour that does not fifty-fifty try to evoke a pleasant mood. Further distinctions between comedy and farce are noticeable at the level of organise as well as the rules of creation. The author of a comedy could present the ability to create based on the principles of drama.Also, comedy marks th e probability and escape of absurdity, so it represents a closed entity with an ordered storyline. Surprise is the main source of its humour. Farce is funded on none of these principles, since it is much more independent, disordered, and amorphic. It is a way of expressing farce of a lower class of the world, so that the body language is the language of farce.With time, these two genres have evolved in a complex relation to each other, it is even believed that without farces vulgarity and carnality, comedy would be tedious.1.3. Physical humour With time, salacious jokes and physical humour have been added to the concept of low comedy, so the concept of physical humour has become extremely popular among comedians. The so-called slapstick comedy is based on violent acts, but presented in a hilarious form.Many slapstick comedians perform without speaking, because their performance was supposed to be more about amusing movement than verbal content. For this reason, they have to be ext remely expressive. The contemporary name of this potpourri of physical

Cover Page Format Essay

Bangalore Aditya Kumar Jha 10RNSB5030 THE OXFORD COLLEGE OF SCIENCE (Affiliated to Bangalore University) BANGALORE 560102 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS security The forgoing software entitled motorcar Showroom Management System is presented in manner satisfactory to warrant its acceptance prerequisite to the award of bachelor-at-arms of Computer Applications degree, for which it has been submitted. It is understood by this approval that the undersigned do notendorse or approve any statements made, opinion expressed or conclusion shown therein but approve the software for the purpose it has been submitted. Signature of faculty in charge Signature of Head of the Department Mrs. Vinita Tapaskar, MCA Dr. J Sebastian Nixon PHD, MCSE Name of ExaminerSignature of Examiner 1. 2 Acknowledgment We are extremely grateful and remain indebted to Mrs. Vinita Tapaskar (Project Coordinator) for being a source of inspiration and for her constant support in the Design, Implemen tation and military rating of the project.We are give thanksful to her for her constant constructive criticism and invaluable suggestions, which benefited us a lot while develop the project on CAR salesroom MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. She has been a constant source of inspiration and motivation for hard work. She has been very cooperative throughout this project work. Through this column, it would be our furthermost pleasure to express our warm thanks to her for her encouragement, cooperation and consent without which we might not be able to accomplish this project.She has given us constructive suggestions and encouragements in developing the Car Showroom Management System. Thanks are also due to Dr. Prof. Elsamma Thomas Varicatt, Principal, The Oxford College of Science, our H. O. D Mr. J. S Nixon and all my teachers for their valuable guidance and their untiring effort in supporting us throughout the course of our study here in the institute. Without their kind support and inspiration, this project would not have resulted the dash it is now.We also express sincere thanks to our friends and classmates who were always there for us to help in every possible way. Above all we would like to thank The Almighty God for all the blessings that he had bestowed upon us for giving us the courage and wisdom to face challenges. Thanking you, Aditya Kumar Jha Reg. No 10RNSB5030 The Oxford College of Science (Affiliated to Bangalore University) Bangalore 560102 PrefaceThis project Car Showroom Management System gives us the complete entropy about the Car Showroom. We can enter the record of new cars and retrieve the details of cars operational in the showroom. This project is a software application that aims to automate and minimize the traditional way of record keeping, tabulating in grumpy to Car Showrooms and hence named as CAR SHOWROOM MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. Well this project incorporates the idea of automation and tries to reduce the man power involved in a showroom.With the help of this software one can easily retrieve all the information regarding a particular car or a particular member that has been registered in the system. It is also possible to retrieve the records of cars that are available or not. The software also enables a user to monitor and access information with just a click of a mouse. Throughout the project the focus has been on presenting information and comments in an easy and intelligible manner. The project is very expedient for those who want to know about Car Showroom Management System.

The Need for Gun Control

Shortly after dusk, a sixteen-year-old son stands on the street corner talking with a friend ab egress what happened at school today amongst himself and another student. He nonchalantly stands thither sipping his Pepsi when either of a sudden a black Honda with tinted windows drives up to the corner. The window rolls d testify, a voice c for each ones out, and the boy walks up to the gondola. He bends down to peer into the automobile to see who it is when three rounds from a .38 caliber pistol rip through his chest and neck. The other boy frantically runs off into the distance. He stumbles backwards and trips on the curb behind him and falls to the sidewalk the car speeds off into the dark alleyway across the street. The young boy struggles to breathe as he coughs up blood. He chokes to death with every effort to breathe. He dies a minute or two later. These kinds of events ar all too familiar to us and perturb us as we see an increasing descend of hand accelerator pedals fall into the detainment of the young. I am shocked at the sight of these events where innocent children are being gunned down on the street because of petty little arguments over something so minuscule as a pair of shoes, a particular type of jacket, or simply just a misinterpreted look. I trust that much strict side arm regulations are a must in todays society. Im not saying that we baffle to ban handguns, exclusively we have to take legislative measures in order to limit the possibility of handguns move into the hands or youths. Peter Annin and Tom Morganthau state that according to the Federal Bureau of Investigations Uniform umbrage Report, murders committed by persons on a lower floor the age of eighteen who were arrested jumped from 1,193 in 1985 to 2982 in 1994. 1 This report shows a hearty increase in the number of killings by lot who are under the age of eighteen. Most of these people are often participants in gangs and involved with drugs. Many of these people fin d that guns are a frequently easier method to defeat his or her opponent in a quarrel. This problem is made worse by the increasing availability of guns. Residents of gang-ridden areas are afraid to leave their homes for fear that their children or themselves efficiency fall dupe to a gunshot. I gestate that humany people tiptoel we motivating tighter control over the cut-rate sale of handguns objet dart many others believe that we shouldnt. Many people say that it is a right to own firearms and handguns in this pastoral because it is guaranteed by the second amendment of the United States Constitution. The second amendment states, A well regulated Militia, being required to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. first base of all, very few states today in the U. S. have militias because we have the five branches of the U.S. Military, the Army, Navy, Marines, Airforce, and Coast Guard. The military provides this coarse with enough support to fend off any war levying or belligerent nations. That is the militarys obligatory take aim today. There is no necessity for a state-run military. The U.S. Militarys purpose is to keep this land free. Second, the Bill of Rights was designed to cheer the people from our organization should it transcend to tyranny. These laws and rights were established in the period of colonial times when monarchies and dictatorships were commonplace in society. Today, theyre just about non-existent except for subtle hints of them in communist regimens which exist in areas such as the Peoples Re prevalent of China. We have no need to protect ourselves from the possibility of a dictatorial government materializing from our democracy because it is highly unlikely that this would occur. The United Nations, which the United States is a member of, would not allow this because their main make for is to stop the spread of communism. We are not living in that era anymore and that is why I believe that guns arent really needed that much by civilians.As I mentioned before, Im not suggesting that we, the people, totally ban guns. Firearms and handguns sleek over have their recreational purpose in society. For a lot of people, the sport of hunting wild bouncing is an enjoyable pastime and tradition that has been passed down through the ages. People have always hunted. From Paleolithic man to the Middle Ages and to the present, hunting has and provides us with food even though that same food can be purchased at the local supermarket. Other activities such as target shooting and enrollment in gun clubs are also enjoyable. They are sports, just like any other sports, that give men and women a sense of pride and satisfaction that fulfills the primitive instinct of competition in our minds.Another important argument among civilians of the coarse is that if more restrictions on firearms and handguns are passed, this would gradually lead to a total ban on a ll guns sometime in the future. In an article written by Robert J. Blendon, John T. Young, and David Hemenway, they include a Gallup/CNN/the States Today poll which shows how gun owners, non-owners, and the nation as a whole were surveyed. Sixty-five percent of all people, including owners of guns and non-owners, believe that stricter legislation would gradually lead to a total ban on all guns. In addition, a majority of gun owners, approximately fifty-five percent, believe that these laws would violate the second amendment of the U. S. Constitution while non-owners don not believe this. The survey was asking about how stricter laws would reduce certain aspects related to guns. The interior(a) figure is sixty-nine percent for those who believe that stricter laws would reduce the number of people killed by guns in arguments. 68 percent of the nation believe that laws would reduce the number of accidental deaths and suicides attributed to guns. Fifty-eight percent of the nation agre es that more laws would reduce violent crime. However, in both cases of owners and non-owners, the difference of agreement is over twenty percentage points in favor of non-gun owners. 2 I certainly agree that stricter legislation would definitely reduce the number of gun-related deaths and that if handguns were restricted from the hands of minors and criminals, the rate and recidivism rate, the rate of repeat offenders, of violent crime would be reduced. I believe that we need more strict laws to curb some of the violent crime that is being committed by Americas youth. I also believe that the National Rifle Association of America (NRA) will not let the government ban all firearms since the NRA is the biggest lobbyist in the gun control debate today because it has so many diligent members. Finally, most people feel that they need handguns for protection of their property and themselves. I believe that protection of your own property, such as you home, is perfectly fine, but if you c arry a gun around for protection, that can gravel dangerous. For example, gang members who carry guns are an enormous threat to others. If someone should irritate or annoy them, they might possibly resort to using his or her gun on that person. Innocent children and bystanders could fall victim to a stray bullet. Minor arguments could erupt into bloodshed on the street corner or in a dark alleyway. Other people are also a possible threat, especially to police incumbents. If for some reason, a gun-toting civilian was pulled over for a traffic violation, that person could decide to shoot that police officer in an attempt to get away. This would cause major problems in society. Another thing is that people under the influence of drugs or alcohol might use their guns on somebody without reason because of impaired conclude and judgment associated with inebriation. Now Im not saying every person would be and is like that, but there are some people that are. I believe that this presents a danger to society and why handgun access and sales should be restricted. I believe that we need tougher legislation on handguns. Citizens should be registered for each and every gun he or she owns and that they should be obligated to pay a high fee for that registration. Also, juveniles and convicted felons that have already served time should not be permitted to purchase or possess and handgun. I believe that if someone who has purchased a handgun, should be required by federal law to take a caoutchouc and training course in order to lawfully possess a handgun. This course would be direct by the federal government and would ensure that a handgun purchasers record would be checked out. This country should have tougher laws in order to restrict handgun access and sale. Im not saying this will work, but it will be a step forward in the direction of effective gun control. If we and the government can work together on it, we can slowly minimize the problem and keep guns out of the w rong hands.Bibliography1 Annin, Peter Morganthau, Tom. The lull before the storm? Newsweek 4 December 19952 Blendon, Robert J. Hemenway, David Young, John T. The American public and the gun control debate The Journal of the American Medical Association 12 June 19963Historical sidehttp//essaylab.com/blog/gun-control

A Research-Analysis on the Principles of Biomedical Ethics Essay

IntroductionThe uninsured is a term that is coined to stack who dont posses any form of indemnification who primarily include paperless immigrants, minorities, nestlingren and or teenagers with start redress policy, employees of subaltern businesses, populate who belong on the lower part of the brformer(a)ly strata and to a fault a probatory figure of speech of the elderly. In effect, much(prenominal)(prenominal) a group of muckle suffered a lot in cost of seeking and receiving the wellness service that is inevit qualified to prolong their lives.Corollary with this, ar the garbage disposal of those longanimouss who initi onlyy hold a wellness am subverts alone experience a significant distributor point of difficulty in wrong of having the restitution union subsidize the sermon and or operation that is necessary for their wellness condition. much(prenominal) a problem creates an ethical quandary on the end of the doctors, patients, redress providers and in like worldly concernner the courts.This research provided various medical checkup cases, biomedical ethical motive theories, and a number of legalitys that explained how the uninsured disposition is, the personal and psychological, monetary, and effectual bug outs that they faced. Consequently, the pen provided his accept interpretation of the cases and importantly relates them on the principles of biomedical ethics and justice. The research then looked into the canonical principles of biomedical ethics charity, non-maleficence, justice and self-reliance and other ethical theories such as Utilitarianism and Deontological Ethics, and significantly relate them to the problem of the uninsured based on the literature and cases that were presented.Background of the Problem Initially, indemnification is something that is only made available to wealthy Americans. On the squirm of the 20th century, there suck in been deuce major changes which took effect in terms of how policys be disseminated. The try out of the private insurances and the disposal subsidized insurances has seemed to provide a temporary solution on the problem of contrast in terms of wellness services. Such an initiative has ca utilisationd companies to provide insurances to their employees and by 1950s almost two thirds of the population already have insurance. Due to the congress availability and accessibility of the population to insurance, some atom of the population were forgotten, then the uninsured (Jost 1998, p.106). Initiatives on the part of the establishment were introduced in distinguish to shed light on this problem. oecumenic welfare programs during the 20th century were withal introduced in order to issue to the marginalized. In addition, a stark naked Deal program was to a fault made available to the population living in the rural areas. On the span of the 20th century, progressive and labor interests asserted the necessity of compulsory depicted o bject wellness insurance, but such efforts were hindered by a number of significant and powerful institutions in the country such as various business interests and the medical profession in itself (Jost 1998, p.106).However, the bill that was passed on 1960 which eventually legislated on 1965 pave the way for the establishment of the Medi awe and the Medic back up. Medi worry caters to the elderly which insured the hospitalization and other doctor services that are necessary on the other hand, Medicaid forceful on the need of the marginalized and the disabled.The Medicare and the Medicaid re lick all struggles between the hospitals and the government because of the confidence of monetary bullion for those who are insured and the paying of services which are formerly habituated giving or in a descendd fee. However, critics of Medicare and Medicaid counter argued that such insurances are too costly, hence a overbold initiative was raised by a physician in Minnesota which is n ow know as the wellness Maintenance Organization (wellness maintenance organization) (Jost 1998, 107-108). The HMO required the consumers to pay a relatively fiddling amount in order to make out for the former and also for his or her families. Such an idea appealed to the government, hence on 1973, the Health Organization Maintenance Act of 1973 was passed. The bitaged wellness care proved to significantly slim down cost , and by 1995, it was estimated that 150 million Americans have their HMOs.However, conflicts between doctors and patients emerged when allegation such as doctors and HMO administrators have created some sort of incentive programs which would musical compositionipulate the latter diminish its recommendations for accredited medication, preachings, or operations. Such a case paved the way for a direct refusal for the needed medical care, treatment and operations. In addition, complaints such as delays on the release of authorization and/or funds were also cit ed (Jost 1998, 109).Review of relate Literature Kenneth Jost (1998, p. 101-105) posed three major imports with regard to patient rights. These areIs it possible for manage-care wellness plans to make the patients choose doctors who are non included on the plans network of physicians?Should the manage wellness care plans be liable if there be any chance that malpractice is detected amongst their physicians?Is there a necessity for a stronger safeguard be imposed on the patients medical records and other cerebrate knowledge?Jost emphasized that the dilemma that was brought forth collectable to the request of some patients to choose their own physicians has been an issue that is in truth difficult to resolve. Since the primary purpose of the manage health care plans is to reduce costs, the proposal of each patient to choose their own doctors would pave the way to the further increase of fees amongst the health plans, in addition to the defrayal that the patient has to shoulder.S ome health care plans by choice limit the number of physicians that the patients can choose from so that referrals for treatment, medication and or operations could be regulated by the company, hence reducing costs and change magnitude realizes. However, some health care plans consent to their consumers to apply for a Point of Service (POS) which allow for allow them to choose their own doctors only for an added fee. In relation with this are some statutory laws imposed by some 30 resigns for pregnant women, allowing the latter to select an obstetrician that could act as their primary health care provider (p. 101-103).The second issue was with regard to the malpractice that was conducted by in- planetary house physicians, which on a legal survey makes the physician alone liable to the damages done to the patient and makes the managed-care plans company exempted from the legal repercussions. The case presented was that of Ron Henson, who died in Kaiser Permanente Hospital and later on sued HMO. The conflict angry walk out due to the claim of Mrs. Henson that Kaiser controlled the costs of her married mans treatment by limiting hospital access in cardiac cases.The physicians who treated Mr. Henson was utilise by Kaiser, hence making the latter liable to the said malpractice. A suit was then filed against Kaiser which was then rear togethertled by the latter for 5.3 million in 1997. However, at present only the state of Texas has such laws regarding the accountability of managed care plans. Jost also made a point by asserting that when health insurance companies provide be made liable to the malpractice that could have been done by their physicians, such could further leave behind to the increase of the fees cosmos collected from their clients (p.103-104).The necessity of privacy and confidentiality of medical records is another important matter that Jost expungeed into. The importance of disclosing medical information for the patients health purp oses alone (Shalala, 1998 as cited from Jost 1998, p.105) and for government use for health and law enforcement has been criticized as further broadening the law for access for medical records. The proposal personate forth by Shalala has been criticized due to favoring the government to have to a greater extent access to medical records, hence a possible case of invasion of privacy. However, Shalala have emphasized that such a proposal is only a more clear interpretation of the law that currently exists.The author perceived that Jost (1998) emphasized more on the archetype of Justice within the managed health care system and the relation of Autonomy on the conception of Justice. In addition, Jost was able to present a balanced view of the legal issues on managed health care system. He provided almost all possible dimensions of the issue and allowed the reader to deduce the arguments on their own.The discussion of the laws which is relative to e rattling state makes it difficult t o address the legal issues that stem out because of medical malpractice (taking the issue of Mr. Henson for instance). In addition with this, certain changes from the ways of the health care system defeats the primary purpose of the former which is to reduce costs and make health opportunity available and equal to all tidy sum.Such a dilemma between the right to choose or autonomy and the statutory laws which serves as the backbone of most managed health care system becomes very hard to reconcile. In addition with this, the matters of privacy are something that is in conflict with the principle of autonomy and the great good (i.e. the principle of utilitarianism).Keith Epstein (2002) has presented the issues of uninsured patients which normally are comprised of young adults (p. 524) and minorities (p.529). Epstein stirred three major issues in which is comprised of the question weather the United States can afford health insurance for all if Medicare should cover the prescribed m edicines for the marginalized senior people and if small businesses could circle together to apply for the insurance of their employees in order to reduce its costs.The fist issue was addressed by Epstein by arguing that since the sack of the Balance Budget Act of 1997, there has been a huge cut back on medical costs. Medicare has cut on reimbursement and some states have also cut on Medicaid payments. However, Young (President of the Health damages Association of America) as cited from Epstein, claimed that America can do afford insurance for all if it only has the will power. Young emphasized that the uninsured has already been subsidized due to the increase of costs in insurance payments and also for hospital services because initially, these insurance companies and hospitals are adding up their costs in order to cover for uninsured patients.Solutions in subsidizing the uninsured in terms of taxes are also one of the solutions that he presented (p. 526). The issue in subsidizi ng the marginalized seniors drug prescription has also been tackled as could be resolved by having the government subsidize a certain parcel of the price by those seniors of having the salary cap of less than $13,000. However, part of the issue is the deficiency of funds or the possible soar of the taxes in order to subsidize such a change.The third issue is with regard to the passing of a bill which would allow small companies across states to band together in order to apply for insurance for their employees and consequently to reduce costs. Such an idea consort to Lehnhard, (Blue Cross Senior Vice President) would only provide temporary savings on the end of these small companies because since the associations will not be regulated by the state rules, it is possible that such companies would engage in discriminatory on a lower floorwriting. An example that was disposed is that there might be some cases wherein the program would encourage health people from joining, and unheal thy people from not joining (p.530).The author perceived that Epsteins essay moved(p) on the use of the existing law in order to apply the principle of justice as right. It could be seen, that the relevancy of the law has been the foundation of the arguments which normally appear in conflict with various perceived implications due to the impulse to alter the law in order to cater for those percentage of the population who are relatively incapable of securing their health concerns and problems. The perceived attempts to make the lives of the uninsured relatively better in order to bring forth justice in the form of a fair medical and health treatment has been argued to be a cause that is far fetched because of political will power, unequal apportioning of funds and escape of self-assertion to human goodwill.A more recent member which emphasized the relevance of the law in order to cater to the needs of the uninsured is those of Owcharenko (2006). Owcharenko provided three majo r recommendations in which the government could do to solve the growing number of uninsured population in the country.The first is to offer the uninsured direct subsidies in the form of a refundable tax credit, to lower-income working individuals and families for the purchase of private health care coverage (p. 95). Owcharenko emphasized that enormous tax breaks are normally given by the government to those laid-back-earning individuals, rather than to those who have relatively lower incomes. The tax exclusion also provides more generous health care coverage to those individuals belong in big companies.In addition with this, those people who dont have any health coverage at all does not enjoy any tax break at all, indeed they are left with no choice rather than to use after-tax dollars to purchase their insurance. Owcharenko emphasized that if a new and robust system of individual health tax credits will be given to low-income families, these people will have the buying power to s ecure their own private insurance rather than pick out to rely to Medicaid which is relatively spread on a small number of population.The Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) that was enacted on 2003 was perceived by Owcharenko as a good program for the government because it allowed people to purchased a high-deductible insurance plan to establish a tax-preferred savingsaccount that allows carryover of unspent funds (Owvahrenko, 2006, p. 96). This plan however needs certain changes in order to function more proficiently. Owcharenko focussinged on the use of the flexible pass account (FSA) and the health reimbursement arrangements (HRAs) such according to her would allow patients to exercise more autonomy on choosing their heath care. Such a tempo would allow the patients to gain more control on determining the amounts which they need to contribute and significantly decide how they wanted to apply these funds. The recommendation is for the government to allow federal contributions to be used in order to improve the health status of every state. Consequently, the state should be able to provide a feedback on the effectiveness of their reforms by reducing the number of the uninsured, improving access, and remaining in fiscal matters visible. The author perceived that the recommendations of Owcharenko (2006) touched on the notion of justice, fairness, and beneficence. In relation with this, the perception of the author in making the insurance reforms unique in every state will significantly encourage a lot in terms of reaching a huge number of the uninsured population. Since the focus of the health reforms will be focused primarily on the individuals on every state, it is more credibly that even the people who do not belong on the financial caps that are subsidized under Medicaid will be considered as well. The marginalized on the other hand will also be given a fair and immediate treatment towards health.The research of Young et al (2004) focused on the smell saving health care of undocumented boorren. Undocumented children are offsprings of paperless immigrants which consequently forms a huge percentage of the population for the uninsured. Undocumented children often times did not have an access to health services as they dont have any contact to any insurance other than the Emergency Medicaid that was given by the Federal Government in 1986.However, the Emergency Medicaid could only be used in tremendous cases wherein a patient experiences severe amount of pain (p.1316). In addition, Medicaid can only pay for a portion of the hospitalization costs, which is why some hospitals needed to seek support either from various organizations or individuals or from the country of the immigrant himself.Such an attempt of some hospitals although noble, may prove to further increase the costs of the treatment because of the delay of the latter. Young et al. claimed that such prolonging could result to a long-term morbidity and a high risk of death (p. 1318). Young emphasized that immigrants served a pertinent part of the society. They do jobs that could highly affect a huge number of the population if by any case they acquire communicable diseases. In relation with this, also-ran to immunize their children and treat their sicknesses could also result to a significant impact in the society.Young et al. touched on the principles of beneficence and non maleficence on his paper. Both sides of the issues are presented (i.e. why the government cannot subsidize the health care of the undocumented children versus the effects that it could bring in the society). Young et al explained the aid that the Emergency Medicaid has provided to the undocumented children and the other natural selections that the hospitals can do in any case that the hospital cannot amply subsidize a child on expensive treatments and operations. The principle of beneficence was clearly presented on this part. On the other hand, the principle of maleficence c ould be seen as further attempts of the government to give improve the health status of the immigrants children are made.McLaughlin et al (1999) touched on the role of take for case handlers in terms of providing solutions to the ethical dilemmas that were brought forth of the uninsured. result management as defined by The Case Management alliance of America (CSMA) as a collaborative process which plans, implements, coordinates, monitors, evaluates options and services to meet the individuals health needs through communication and available resources to promote quality cost effective outcomes (p.51). The role of the nurse care omnibus is highly important because he or she acts as an advocate to raise funds also, he or she acts as a facilitator as well in order to weigh treatment options for the patient and the family.The case of Natalie M involves the problem of bring offing with her family that later on paved the way for her to be rejected in most of subacute or skilled nursi ng units. Conflicts with the family as to weather to put Natalie on a subacute nursing units or take care of her at home poses a problem as well that the nurse manager has to deal with. The nurse care manager solved the issue by having Natalie participate in the decision process and make sure that the decision of Natalie is not a mere reflection of her family or guardian.The case of Natalie M. is a clear representation of the strict affixation of the nurse case managers on the principles of autonomy, principle of veracity, the principle of beneficence and avoided paternalism. The article clearly laid out the process as to how particular treatment options are arrived into by discussing it with the guardian of Natalie and Natalie herself. Similarly, the nurse care manager make sure that the decision was a true reflection of the desires of Natalie, and corollary with this, the principle of beneficence was reflected in the travel of the nurse care manager to do make sure that whatever options that Natalie would take, it would be safe and would significantly help her improve her condition.Tunzi (2004) has emphasized the case of the sluggish economy and the budget deficits that significantly affects the disposition of the uninsured. fit to the statistics, the uninsured comprises of 23 million male, 20 million female, in which 21 million are white, 13 million are Hispanic, 7 million are black, and 2 million are Asian or Pacific Islander (p.1357). The major implication of being an uninsured is primarily characterized by worse cases of illnesses because of the failure to regularly check with the doctor, or failure to seek care until the illness is already terminal. In relation with this, Tunzi also emphasized that majority of the uninsured are children and most likely they are more addicted to poorer health or may die prematurely. Hence, according to Institute of Medicines (IOM) 2002 report (as cited in Tunzi, 2004, p. 1358) that the lives of children will be made l onger and their long term development would be significantly amend if they are covered with insurance.To solve this problem, the IOM has ensured a Broadbased Health Insurance Strategy which caters to preventive services, outpatient prescription drugs, and specialized mental health care, in addition to general ambulatory and hospital medical care (p.1359). In addition, the Bush Administration has also launched the expansion of the Community Center System however, the author perceived that such a program is not sufficient enough due to certain limitations that it posed. The article of Tunzi (2004) touched on the principles of beneficence and justice. The attempts to cover for the health of the uninsured and the expansion of government services and NGOs are significant factors that are ethical in its very nature.The issue of the caste system that is very impendent on hospitals is the issue that was tacked by Romano (2002). There are certain hospitals that are viewed as practicing th e so-called boutique medicine wherein they require their patients to pay an annual membership fee in order to gain access to the services of their hospital.However, Lois Snyder, director of the Center for Ethics and Professionalism at the 115,000-member American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine as cited from Romano (2002, p.5) have reiterated that such ways of some hospitals are certainly against the their manuals. Snyder emphasized that indiscriminate perception should be applied regardless if the patient is insured or uninsured. Such a step of certain hospitals to intentionally reject patients on the name of advance is something that violates the principle of beneficence and also it is a violation of the basic principles of the deontological ethics claim that man should never be used as a means to an end. date NBC (2005) has presented a case of a child who suffered from a ferry boat accident whos got his legs amputated. The child has no insurance and t he father has no idea where to get the money to pay for the hospital bills. On this case, the government nor any NGO did not helped the child hence the father was forced to take the option of selling their house. This case provided by dateline NBC, is relatively short and is made primarily for popular reading. However, such a case would make one see how the government or the hospital for that matter did not take any advocacy steps in order to help the said family.AnalysisThe article of Jost (1998) provides a clear picture of the conflict between various principles of biomedical ethics. As the author have stated on previous paragraphs, the principle of Justice and Autonomy appears to be in conflict when discussing legal issues and keeping up with the notion of equality on health care services. In addition, the idea of the greater good or the principle of utilitarianism appears to be in conflict as well with the laws against invasion of privacy.On the first issue that Jost presented, the principle of autonomy would normally state that it should really be the case that patients should be provided with the choice to have a physician of their own preference. Since, man by nature as argued by the Kant as rational, then it necessarily follows that they should really be making their own choices. However, it should be taken into retainer as well that legal contracts or agreements impinge this basic right of man for order and in some cases for social equality. Tracing back in its philosophical roots, the very notion of the statutory laws emerged from the desire of man to engage himself into a social contract (i.e. Hobbes, Rousseau, Mill) in order to lift himself in the state of nature which is primarily characterized by the lack of order and domination of the strongest.Relating this to the conflict of the law (i.e. imposed by managed health care) and the principle of autonomy (i.e. the right of patients to choose their own doctors) simply makes sense. If taken for insta nce that every patient lets say Xs that is enrolled on a managed health care, lets say A is given the opportunity to chose their own doctors, then A would cease to be a managed health care system at all since its very purpose which is to reduce costs will be defeated.In addition, inequality in terms of health care services will again stem out because relatively rich people will get the degree of health service that they prefer. The author thinks that in order for the managed health care system to live on its purpose and prevent their customers to further increase their costs, they should be able to chemise their perspective from profit to quality and humanitarian service. The insurance sedulousness is accountable for hundreds or even millions and billions of lives, and no amount of money could ever replace a life that is lost because of malpractice.The essay by Epstein (2002) which tackles the law as one of the major vehicles in order to change the existing disposition of the unin sured has been seen by the research as something that is significantly colligate to the notion of justice and fairness. The notion of justice is directly related to the laws that are imposed by the state. However, since justice is only a result of human convention which is also partly dependent on the culture and the demands of the society, then it necessarily follows that it is imperfect.The essay of Epstein which emphasizes on the capacity of the government to insure majority of the citizens, most specially those who didnt have the capacity of doing such subsidizing the medicines of the marginalized seniors and associating small enterprises in order to afford the insurance of their employees is something that could be interpreted as a result to put more justice in the existing laws. However, the author, basing the arguments from Epstein could significantly assert that such proved to be far fetched due to certain factors such as the political will, the inappropriate allocation of government funds and the lack of trust on human goodwill. The political will as perceived by the author is the initiative on the end of the government to significantly allocate a percentage of the taxes that it collects for the uninsured. In relation with this is the political will as well to help the marginalized, the immigrants and the children to acquire the insurance necessary in order to secure their health. Corollary with this is the governments investment on war versus the immediate need of its citizens health. A proper allocation of the national budget is seen by the author as one of the primary solution to the huge number of the uninsured.The notion of the human goodwill as emphasized by Immanuel Kant is something that could be significantly related to the assumptions of discriminatory underwritings that could stem out from the associations of small companies across the border in order to provide insurance for their employees. Kant asserted that man is inherently good and t he author believes it to be so. The mere premise that these small companies wanted to provide insurance for their employees is a valid reason enough to deduce that the former has a genuine concern on the plight of the latter.Owcharenko (2006) presented her recommendations which are majority in a form of law changes and reforms in order to cater for the uninsured. The author agreed with Owcharenko on her perspective that the topper way to reach out and cater to the needs of the uninsured is to make national reforms in terms of the laws that governs every state. Although the author perceived that advocacy on the part of the hospitals to solicit funds as a significant solution as well the reforms on the laws would be able to cater on a relatively huge number of population.The principle of utilitarianism and beneficence in addition to the principles of justice could be seen as the core ethical foundation of the recommendations of Owcharenko. The necessity of extending the health reforms to majority of the population is in conjunction with the principle of utilitarianism which is the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. In addition, the principle of certificate of indebtedness of the Deontological Ethics could be applied as well.The basis of the morality of a certain act is significantly related to the duty that each person has. This duty is perceived by Kant as something that is absolute or on his own terms unibversalizable. In relating this to the government, the author perceived that part of the duty of the government is to assure that every individual regardless of social status and income will have the like access to health medications and treatments. The notion of duty is significantly related to the justice that ideally should eternally be existing in a certain society.Young et al (2004) has tackled the importance of the health of the undocumented children in the American society. In order to present this, two principles from the ethics o f principlism was touched- beneficence and maleficence. The principle of beneficence asserts the relevance of thinking who benefits from ones actions and in what such manner. The principle of maleficence emphasizes on the notion of not harming any person or party. The principle of beneficence was clearly applied on the disposition of the undocumented children and the principle of maleficence was applied on the existing laws for and against undocumented children.Due to the principle of non-harm, attempts on the end of the hospitals and the government to be more sympathetic, and more humanitarian to the undocumented children were executed. Also, the principle of utilitarianism could be significantly related on the case of the undocumented children as well. It could be noted that Young et al. has emphasized that these children and their parents served a significant part of the society. Hence, their poor health could also affect the entire population. Taking the principle of utilitarian ism and its maxim which is the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people, one could significantly deduce that the health of the paperless immigrants and their children could also translate to an overall increase of utility on the entire state.The case of Natalie M. on the writings of McLaughlin et al (1999) presents the principles of autonomy, veracity, beneficence and avoided paternalism. In certain cases wherein the patient has the mental capacity to decide for herself, the nurse case manager makes sure that the autonomy of the individual is emphasized. Similar to the essay of Epstein (2002), the emphasis on the rationality of the individual is always taken into consideration.The notion of the truth is another ethical principle that is necessary for those patients who are under a care of a certain guardian or who has a family who is very picky and difficult to deal with in terms of negotiating treatment options. The importance of arriving on the true desires o f the patient is directly related on the principle of autonomy. This would then make sure that paternalism will be avoided, although the nurse care manager also makes sure that such a decision that the hospital will arrive at is relatively the best step in order to improve the disposition of the patient, hence beneficence.Tunzi (2004) has made a direct correlational statistics on the principles of beneficence and justice. By presenting various solutions on the case of the uninsured through government and non-government initiatives, it is unequivocal that attempts to provide equal opportunity in terms of health services are attempted to be provided in almost all people regardless of their status in the society. Such a step could be seen as would present a great benefit on the end of the uninsured, hence beneficence.Upholding profit versus the necessity of the human life is the case that was presented by Romano (2002). The practice of so called boutique hospitals is something that i s against the principles of Deontological Ethics which claimed that man should never be used as a means to an end. This means that if the hospital for instance rejects the admission of an uninsured patient because the latter does not have enough finances to pay, then it necessarily follows that profit is seen as the most relevant factor for the hospital and not really to save lives. Then man or the patient for that matter would only be seen as an instrument for profit and not really the end purpose of the hospital in itself.The case of presented by Dateline NBC (2005) would show that there are really cases wherein besides of the efforts and the claims presented by the hospitals, NGOs and the government, there are still a lot of cases wherein the uninsured is being left out. The case of the child who got his legs amputated which later on made his father decide to sell the house is something that could be prevented only if advocacy steps on the part of the hospital or the government w as implemented. The debt and or the decrease of the quality of life that this family might suffer after this crisis could also directly impact how the child will continue his healing process and or adapt to the new change that recently happened in his life.Conclusion The uninsured is a term that is coined to people who dont posses any form of insurance who primarily include paperless immigrants, minorities, children and or teenagers without insurance, employees of small businesses, people who belong on the lower part of the social strata and also a significant number of the elderly. In effect, such a group of people suffered a lot in terms of seeking and receiving the health service that is necessary to prolong their lives. Corollary with this, are the disposition of those patients who initially have a health insurance but experience a significant degree of difficulty in terms of having the insurance company subsidize the treatment and or operation that is necessary for their health condition. Such a problem creates an ethical dilemma on the end of the doctors, patients, insurance providers and also the courts.In comprehending and analyzing the eight articles that was presented on this research, the author have deduced that the health care industry of the country is veneer a huge dilemma most specially in distributing fairness in terms of the allocation of health services that is due not only to every American citizen but also to other races who lives in the country as well. Such a growing injustice in the health industry has been attempted to be solved many times starting from the nurse advocates, the hospitals, non-government organizations and also the government as well.However, even though more than seven decades has passed since the necessity of insurance was perceived, the government still is quite long-winded in terms of providing solutions to the health problems of its citizens. The budget deficit has been blamed due to the lack of monetary support, h owever, it is very evident that the governments finances were clearly improperly allocated to certain war endeavors which a number of critics have argued to be null on the first place. The ethical dilemmas that stem out due to the lack of funds, legalities, concern for profit (of insurance companies) are directly affecting the marginalized, the children, the minorities, and the senior people. The author perceived that a reevaluation of the priorities of every significant institution which played an important role on the health of the citizens are relevant in order to set things on a right path and establish justice and fairness which has been the primary purpose on the first place of establishing a social contract, a government and the set of statutory laws which supposed to make the life of man better and in order.Literature CitedCarter L (2002). A Primer to Ethical Analysis. 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